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Le modèle américain : « une reconversion réussie mais inachevée»

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  • Hélène Baudchon

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[eng] The American model : a successful but unfinished transition Hélène Baudchon At the mid-year of 1997, the dynamism of the American economy remains very strong. After a slow take-off, the current business cycle seems to go on and on, benefiting from the growth of domestic demand, strong job creations and weak inflation. Despite the paradoxical features of these success in the business cycle logic, it can be explained by the successful reconversion of the American economy, now engaged for more than ten years. The United States have moved from a sclerosed situation due to the dollar appreciation to a situation where the market forces play whithout any constraints. This evolution is not a structural revolution of the American society. Indeed, both the current position of the United States in the international economic environment and the control of the public deficit have been made possible thanks to renewed trade and fiscal policies. But, fundamentally, behaviors have not changed at all. The American standard remains based on a free market economy and the American people are still very optimist. The American economy is now in a transient situation : the reconversion is not yet complete but things seem to have got off to a good start. That is why it is quite difficult to gauge it through the national accounts. The monetary policy is both actor and witness of this evolution : it has contributed to create this stable nominal environment and benefits from it now. The keystone of the current dynamism is the American capacity to create different kinds of jobs, generating incomes and supporting debt. Of course the quality of these jobs and the households solvability remain in debate, but it is partly compensated by the high level of consumer confidence. The only failure is the persistence of the trade deficit. The sectoral specialization, in accordance with the resources allocation, translates into a strong penetration of imports which is not completely balanced by the export growth although the geographical composition of the foreign trade looks more balanced and even if the United States benefit from the NAFTA zone. The bi-par- tisan agreement concluded between the Clinton Administration and the Congress on the way to a balanced budget in the year 2002 can be considered as the perfect final touch. It results both from the structural reduction of the deficit, under way since 1993, and from the strong growth. The credibility of the plan suffers nevertheless from two critics : the fundamental reforms, needed to strengthen the current path of fiscal consolidation, are postponed and the expected effect (lower interest rates and higher private saving) are not guaranteed at all. [fre] Alors que l'année 1997 est déjà bien engagée, la vigueur de la croissance américaine ne cesse de se confirmer. Après un démarrage un peu lent, le cycle actuel semble vouloir s'éterniser, profitant du dynamisme soutenu de la demande interne, entretenu par les fortes créations d'emplois et la faiblesse de l'inflation. Si ces performances sont paradoxales eu égard à la logique cyclique, elles ont néanmoins une explication. Elles résultent de la reconversion réussie de l'économie américaine, engagée depuis maintenant dix ans, qui l'a fait passée d'une situation sclérosée par l'appréciation du dollar à une situation où le jeu du marché n'est contraint par rien. Cette reconversion n'est pas le fruit d'une révolution structurelle de la société américaine. Certes, la redéfinition de l'insertion économique internationale des Etats-Unis ne s'est pas faite sans une nouvelle conception de la politique commerciale ; et la maîtrise du déficit public sans une nouvelle conception de la politique budgétaire ; mais, fondamentalement, les comportements n'ont pas changé. Le modèle américain reste libéral et le citoyen américain optimiste. L'économie américaine est dans une situation transitoire : la reconversion n'est pas encore achevée, mais elle est déjà bien avancée. Ceci explique la difficulté à en capter tous les signes dans les statistiques de la Comptabilité nationale. La politique monétaire est à la fois acteur et spectateur de cette évolution, ayant contribué à créer un environnement nominal stable dont elle profite aujourd'hui. La capacité de l'économie américaine à créer toutes sortes d'emplois, qui génèrent des revenus et soutiennent l'endettement, est la clé de voûte du dynamisme actuel. Bien sûr des interrogations subsistent quant à la qualité de ces emplois et la solvabilité des ménages. Mais elles sont compensées par le haut niveau de confiance des ménages. La persistance du déficit extérieur est le seul échec au tableau des performances. Bien que la structure géographique du commerce soit plus équilibrée et que les Etats-Unis bénéficient d'une zone d'échange de prédilection, VALENA, la spécialisation sectorielle, qui est conforme aux dotations factorielles des Etats-Unis, se traduit par une forte pénétration des importations que la vigueur des exportations ne parvient pas à compenser. L'accord conclu entre l'Administration Clinton et le Congrès sur la manière d'atteindre l'équilibre budgétaire à l'horizon 2002 apparaît comme la « cerise sur le gâteau ». Il est l'aboutissement de l'amélioration structurelle du déficit, engagée depuis 1993, mais sa conclusion profite aussi de la vigueur de la croissance. La crédibilité de ce projet est néanmoins affectée par deux critiques : les réformes fondamentales permettant de consolider l'assainissement des finances publiques sont repoussées à plus tard et les effets attendus (baisse des taux d'intérêt et hausse de l'épargne privée) ne sont pas garantis.

Suggested Citation

  • Hélène Baudchon, 1997. "Le modèle américain : « une reconversion réussie mais inachevée»," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 63(1), pages 93-142.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1997_num_63_1_1476
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1997.1476
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1997.1476
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