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Internationalisation et localisation des firmes multinationales : l'exemple des entreprises françaises en Europe

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  • Jean-Louis Mucchielli
  • Florence Puech

Abstract

[spa] Internacionalización y localización de las firmas multinacionales: el ejemplo de las empresas francesas en Europa . . Las multinacionales francesas, tras un inicio tardío de su proceso de internacionalización, siguen realizando sus inversiones directas en Europa de manera muy concentrada. En el 2000, más del 38 % de las filiales francesas en el extranjero se localizaban en la Unión europea. Están principalmente implantadas en los países limítrofes (Reino Unido, Bélgica, Alemania, Italia, España). En el país de acogida, esos inversores privilegian esencialmente la región de la capital y las regiones más industrializadas. Analizamos aquí los determinantes de la localización de las empresas multinacionales francesas en siete países europeos y en cuarenta y siete regiones europeas entre 1987 y 1994 en la industria manufacturera, basándonos en el examen de unas 614 decisiones individuales de localización. El estudio econométrico se vale de un modelo de logit imbricado. Se basa en la hipótesis de una estructura jerárquica del proceso de decisión de localización de las empresas en dos niveles: las naciones y las regiones. Los resultados empíricos muestran que, en el periodo estudiado, la probabilidad de implantar una filial en determinado lugar de Europa depende a la vez de unas variables nacionales y regionales y que por lo general los determinantes de la decisión de localización no influyen sino en uno de los dos niveles geográficos. Así, por lo que concierne a la implantación de las filiales de multinacionales francesas, los países de acogida se siguen diferenciando fuertemente por sus niveles de salarios y las regiones por unos efectos de aglomeración y de potencial de mercado. Por otra parte, los efectos de aglomeración, que demostramos una vez más aquí, permiten validar la pertinencia de unas políticas de atractividad basadas en la existencia o en el refuerzo de unos polos regionales intraindustriales. [fre] Internationalisation et localisation des firmes multinationales: l’exemple des entreprises françaises en Europe . . Les multinationales françaises, après un début tardif dans leur processus d’internationalisation, réalisent encore leurs investissements directs en Europe de façon fortement concentrée. En 2000, plus de 38 % des filiales françaises à l’étranger sont localisées dans l’Union européenne. Elles sont principalement implantées dans les pays limitrophes (Royaume-Uni, Belgique, Allemagne, Italie, Espagne). Dans le pays d’accueil, ces investisseurs privilégient essentiellement la région de la capitale et les régions les plus industrialisées. On analyse ici les déterminants de la localisation des entreprises multinationales françaises dans sept pays européens et dans quarante sept régions européennes entre 1987 et 1994 dans l’industrie manufacturière, en s’appuyant sur l’examen de 614 décisions individuelles . de localisation. L’étude économétrique utilise un modèle de logit imbriqué. Il se fonde sur l’hypothèse d’une structure hiérarchique du processus décisionnel de localisation des entreprises en deux niveaux: les nations et les régions. Les résultats empiriques montrent que, sur la période étudiée, la probabilité d’implanter une filiale quelque part en Europe, dépend à la fois de variables nationales et régionales et généralement, les déterminants du choix de localisation n’influent qu’à un seul niveau géographique. Ainsi, pour l’implantation de filiales de multinationales françaises, les pays hôtes sont encore for tement différenciés par leurs niveaux de salaires et les régions par des effets d’agglomération et de potentiel marchand. Par ailleurs, les effets d’agglomération, démontrés une fois de plus ici, permettent de valider la pertinence de politiques d’attractivité basées sur l’existence ou le renforcement de pôles régionaux intraindustriels. [eng] Internationalisation and Multinational Firm Locations: The Example of French Firms in Europe . . Following a late start with their internationalisation process, the French multinationals are still concentrating their direct investment to a large extent in Europe. In 2000, over 38% of French subsidiaries abroad were located in the European Union. They were established mainly in neighbouring countries (United Kingdom, Belgium, Germany, Italy and Spain). These investors preferred mainly the capital area and the most industrialised regions in the countries where they set up. This paper analyses the deciding factors for the location of French multinational manufacturing industry firms in seven European countries and in forty-seven European regions from 1987 to 1994 by studying 614 . individual location decisions. The econometric study uses a nested logit model. It is based on the assumption of the business location decision-making process having a two-level hierarchical structure: nations and regions. The empirical findings show that the probability of setting up a subsidiary somewhere in Europe during the period studied depends on both national and regional variables and, generally, the location choice determinants only come into play at a single geographical level. Hence when French multinationals make subsidiary location decisions, they still strongly differentiate between host countries by their wage levels and between regions by their agglomeration effects and market potential. Moreover, agglomeration effects, demonstrated once again here, can be used to check the pertinence of attractiveness policies based on the existence or strengthening of intra-industrial regional hubs. [ger] Internationalisierung und Standortwahl der multinationalen Unternehmen: Beispiel der französischen Unternehmen in Europa . . Die französischen multinationalen Unternehmen, die erst spät mit der Internationalisierung begonnen haben, konzentrieren ihre Direktinvestitionen in Europa nach wie vor auf bestimmte Länder. 2000 waren mehr als 38 % der im Ausland errichteten französischen Tochtergesellschaften in der Europäischen Union ansässig, vor allem in den unmittelbaren Nachbarländern (Vereinigtes Königreich, Belgien, Deutschland, Italien und Spanien). In den Aufnahmeländern bevorzugen diese Investoren hauptsächlich die Region der Hauptstadt und die am meisten industrialisierten Regionen. In diesem Artikel werden die Determinanten bei der Wahl des Standorts durch die französischen multinationalen Unternehmen des verarbeitenden Gewerbes in sieben europäischen Ländern und siebenundvierzig europäischen Regionen zwischen 1987 und 1994 analysiert, wobei 614 individuelle Standortentscheidungen untersucht werden. Bei dieser ökonometrischen Studie wird ein geschachteltes Logit-Modell verwendet, das auf der Hypothese beruht, dass die Entscheidungen bei der Wahl der Unternehmensstandorte hierarchisch strukturiert auf zwei Ebenen getroffen werden, nämlich Nation und Region. Den empirischen Ergebnissen ist zu entnehmen, dass im untersuchten Zeitraum die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Errichtung einer Tochtergesellschaft irgendwo in Europa zugleich von nationalen und regionalen Variablen abhängt und dass die Determinanten der Standortwahl in der Regel nur auf geographischer Ebene eine Rolle spielen. Bei der Errichtung von Tochtergesellschaften durch französische multinationale Unternehmen unterscheiden sich die Aufnahmeländer somit noch stark hinsichtlich ihres Lohnniveaus und die Regionen hinsichtlich der Agglomerationseffekte und des Potenzials der marktbestimmten Sektoren. Im Übrigen bestätigen die auch hier aufgezeigten Agglomerationseffekte die Relevanz der Politiken zur Steigerung der Attraktivität, die das Vorhandensein oder die Stärkung regionaler Industriepole voraussetzen.

Suggested Citation

  • Jean-Louis Mucchielli & Florence Puech, 2003. "Internationalisation et localisation des firmes multinationales : l'exemple des entreprises françaises en Europe," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 363(1), pages 129-144.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2003_num_363_1_7329
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2003.7329
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2003.7329
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    2. Marie-Line Duboz & Nathalie Kroichvili & Julie Le Gallo, 2019. "What matters most for FDI attraction in services: country or region performance? An empirical analysis of EU for 1997–2012," The Annals of Regional Science, Springer;Western Regional Science Association, vol. 63(3), pages 601-638, December.
    3. Richard Le Goff, 2011. "Chap. 3 - Aménagement Numérique, Attractivité des Territoires et Développement Durable," Post-Print halshs-00974613, HAL.
    4. Richard Le Goff, 2011. "Chap. 3 - Aménagement Numérique, Attractivité des Territoires et Développement Durable," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers) halshs-00974613, HAL.
    5. C. Dembour, 2008. "Competition for Business Location: A Survey," Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, Springer, vol. 8(2), pages 89-111, June.
    6. Laura Casi & Laura Resmini, 2014. "Spatial complexity and interactions in the FDI attractiveness of regions," Papers in Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 93, pages 51-78, November.
    7. Keramidas Olivier & Ekaterina Le Pennec & Sarah Serval, 2016. "Caractériser l'attractivité d'un territoire, une approche par les ressources : Le cas de 5 EMN européennes nouvellement implantées dans la région de Kalouga en Russie," Post-Print hal-01615457, HAL.

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