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La pauvreté selon les ménages : une évaluation subjective et indexée sur leur revenu

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  • François Gardes
  • Christian Loisy

Abstract

[spa] La pobreza segûn los hogares : una evaluaciôn subjetiva e indiciada en la renta . Qué significado le dan los hogares a la expresiôn "satisfacer sus necesidades" en relaciôn con el dinero que ellos consideran como necesario para garantizarles la satisfacciôn de esas necesidades. La renta mfnima que los hogares van declarando de esta manera abarca una nociôn subjetiva de la pobreza. Aquélla refleja el carâcter mas o menos imperioso de las necesidades que sienten éstos : en la medida en que va constituyendo una valoraciôn monetaria global, y tanto puede abarcar una evaluaciôn de las necesidades fundamentales como puede traducir reivindicaciones en cuanto a nivel de vida. El vfnculo entre esa renta minima declarada y la renta realmente percibida es entonces un buen indicador que permite zanjar entre las dos hipôtesis. . La renta declarada solo podrfa valer como umbral de pobreza absoluta si resultase no depender de la posiciôn del hogar en la escala de las rentas o de la progresiôn del . nivel de vida. Los datos de las dos encuestas Presupuesto familiar sucesivas (1 989 y 1 995) utilizados en corte instanténeo y en evoluciôn senalan que el vfnculo entre la renta declarada y la renta percibida es mâs importante para aquellos hogares medianos en cuanto a distribuciôn de renta que para los de los extremos. Se iria oponiendo de este modo un enfoque relativo del umbral de subsistencia a la percepciôn mâs cercana al umbral de subsistencia absoluta de los hogares de baja renta. . La sensibilidad de la renta mfnima a la renta percibida aumenta con la edad : en las edades mâs altas, se darfan juntos los efectos contrastados de una saturaciôn de las necesidades (para las rentas mâs bajas) y de la emergencia de nuevas necesidades vinculadas a la extension del ciclo de vida y a la ampliaciôn de las posibilidades de consumo que se ofrecen (para los hogares mâs acomodados). La perception de las necesidades en las edades altas es mas marcada en en 1995 que en 1989. Finalmente, el elevado valor de la elasticidad de la renta minima respecto a la renta percibida, en evoluciôn temporal, es una prueba empirica . para la hipôtesis de que el crecimiento ecônomico créa nuevas necesidades, y mantiene por tanto la insatisfaction de los consumidores. [ger] Die Armut nach Einschatzung der Haushalte: Einkommen abhângige Bewertung . Welche Bedeutung kommt nach Ansicht der Haushalte dem . Ausdruck "seinen Lebensunterhalt bestreiten"zu, wenn man den Betrag zugrunde legt, den sie zur Befriedigung ihrer Bedùrfnisse fur notwendig erachten? Das auf dièse Weise von den Haushalten angegebene Mindesteinkommen deckt einen subjektiven Begriff der Armut ab. Es spiegelt den mehr oder weniger zwingenden Charakter ihrer Bedùrfnisse wider. Da es eine globale finanzielle Bewertung darstellt, kann es sowohl einer Bewertung der grundlegenden eine subjektive und von ihrem Bedùrfnisse als auch den Forderungen hinsichtlich des Lebensstandards entsprechen. Die Beziehung zwischen diesem angegebenen Mindesteinkommen und dem tatsâchlich gezahlten Einkommen stellt dann einen wertvollen Indikator dar, der aufzeigt, welche dieser beiden Hypothesen zutrifft. . Das angegebene Einkommen kônnte in der Tat nur dann als absoluter Grenzwert fur die Armut betrachtet werden, wenn sich herausstellen wùrde, daB es von der Position des betreffenden Haushalts in der Einkommensskala Oder von der Progression des Lebensstandards unabhângig ist. Die Daten aus zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Erhebungen uber das Familienbudget (1989 und 1995), die als Momentaufnahme und entwicklungsmaBig ausgewertet wurden, verdeutlichen, daB die Beziehung zwischen dem angegebenen und dem tatsâchlichen Einkommen im Fall der Haushalte, die in der Mitte der Einkommensverteilung liegen, grôBer ist als bei denjenigen, die sich an deren Grenzen befinden. Somit bestunde ein Gegensatz zwischen einem relativen auf dem Existenzminimum basierenden Ansatz und der Einschàtzung der Haushalte mit geringem Einkommen, die sich eher auf das absolute Existenzminimum bezieht. . Die Sensibilitât des Mindesteinkommens gegenùber dem gezahlten Einkommen nimmt mit dem Alter zu; denn bei den . âltesten Bevôlkerungsgruppen wùrden die gegenlâufigen Effekte einer Sâttigung der Bedùrfnisse (bei den niedrigsten Einkommen) und des Auftretens neuer Bedùrfnisse im Zusammenhang mit der Verlângerung des Lebenszyklus und derZunahme dergebotenen Konsummôglichkeiten (bei den wohlhabendsten Haushalten) gleichzeitig zum Tragen kommen. Bei den àlteren Menschen ist die Perzeption der Bedùrfnisse 1995 ausgepràgter als 1989. Die hohe Elastizitât des Mindesteinkommens gegenùber dem gezahlten Einkommen erhâlt - in bezug auf ihre zeitliche Entwicklung - einen empirischen Beweiswert, wenn von der Annahme ausgegangen wird, daB das Wirtschaftswachstum neue Bedùrfnisse schafft und infolgedessen die Nichtbefriedigung der Bedùrfnisse der Verbraucher aufrechterhâlt. [eng] Poverty by Household: A Subjective Evaluation Indexed to Household Income . What do households mean by the expression "to cover their needs", in terms of the sum they feel they require to satisfy these needs? Such household declarations of minimum income constitute a subjective notion of poverty. They reflect the degree of urgency of the needs felt by those concerned. Insofar as they form an overall monetary evaluation, they are liable to cover as much an evaluation of basic needs as standard-of-living expectations. The link between this stated minimum income and the income actually received is therefore a valuable indicator, which can be used to decide between the two hypotheses. . Stated income can only be used as an absolute poverty line if it proves independent of the household's position in the income scale or of the rise in the standard of living. Cross-section and time-series analyses of data from two successive Family Budget surveys (1 989 and 1 995) show that there is a closer relation between stated income and received income for households situated in the middle of the distribution of income than for those on either end. A relative approach to the subsistence level therefore appears to contrast with the more absolute notion of the subsistence level for low-income households. . The sensitivity of minimum income to received income increases with age. The highest age brackets appear to simultaneously feel the conflicting effects of needs saturation (for the lowest incomes) and the emergence of new needs due to the longer life cycle and the broader consumer possibilities available (for the wealthiest households). The perception of needs at late ages is more pronounced in 1995 than in 1989. Lastly, the high value of the elasticity of the minimum income to the received income, in a time-series analysis, empirically proves the assumption that economic growth creates new needs and consequently maintains consumer dissatisfaction. [fre] La pauvreté selon les ménages : une évaluation subjective et indexée sur leur revenu . Quelle signification se trouve conférée par les ménages à l'expression " subvenir à ses besoins ", telle qu'elle ressort du montant dont ils estiment nécessaire de disposer pour assurer la satisfaction de ces besoins ? Le revenu minimum ainsi déclaré par les ménages recouvre une notion subjective de la pauvreté. Il reflète le caractère plus ou moins impérieux des besoins ressentis par les intéressés : dans la mesure où il en constitue une valorisation monétaire globale, il est susceptible de recouvrir aussi bien une évaluation des besoins fondamentaux que de traduire des revendications en matière de niveau de vie. Le lien entre ce revenu minimum déclaré et le revenu effectivement perçu constitue alors un indicateur précieux, permettant de trancher entre les deux hypothèses. . Le revenu minimum déclaré ne pourrait en effet avoir valeur de seuil de pauvreté absolue que s'il s'avère indépendant de la position du ménage dans l'échelle des revenus, ou de la progression du niveau de vie. Les données de deux enquêtes Budget de famille successives (1989 et 1995), exploitées en coupe instantanée et en évolution, montrent que le lien entre le revenu minimum déclaré et le revenu perçu est plus important dans le cas de ménages situés au milieu de la distribution des revenus, qu'aux extrêmes de cette dernière : ainsi s'opposerait une approche relative du seuil de subsistance, à la perception plus proche du seuil de subsistance absolue des ménages à bas revenus. . La sensibilité du revenu minimum déclaré au revenu perçu augmente avec l'âge : dans les tranches d'âge les plus élevées se feraient simultanément ressentir les effets opposés d'une saturation des besoins (pour les revenus les plus faibles) et de l'émergence de nouveaux besoins liée à l'étalement du cycle de vie et à l'élargissement des possibilités de consommation offertes (pour les ménages les plus aisés). La perception des besoins aux âges élevés est plus accentuée en 1995 qu'en 1989. Enfin, la valeur élevée de l'élasticité du revenu minimum déclaré par rapport au revenu perçu, en évolution temporelle, prend valeur de preuve empirique pour l'hypothèse suivant laquelle la croissance économique crée des besoins nouveaux, et . maintient en conséquence l'insatisfaction des consommateurs.

Suggested Citation

  • François Gardes & Christian Loisy, 1998. "La pauvreté selon les ménages : une évaluation subjective et indexée sur leur revenu," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 308(1), pages 95-112.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1998_num_308_1_2592
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1998.2592
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1998.2592
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    1. Clément Carbonnier, 2022. "From the Main Determinants of Self‐Declared Minimum Income to the Measure of Sub‐National Purchasing Power Parity," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 68(3), pages 738-769, September.
    2. Paquet, Marie-France & Bolduc, Denis, 2004. "Le problème des données longitudinales incomplètes : une nouvelle approche," L'Actualité Economique, Société Canadienne de Science Economique, vol. 80(2), pages 341-361, Juin-Sept.
    3. Henri Martin, 2017. "Calculating the standard of living of a household: one or several equivalence scales?," Economie et Statistique / Economics and Statistics, Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques (INSEE), issue 491-492, pages 93-108.
    4. Ekaterina Kalugina & Boris Najman, 2003. "Travail et pauvreté en Russie : évaluations objectives et perceptions subjectives," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 367(1), pages 83-100.
    5. François Gardes, 2014. "Full price elasticities and the value of time: A Tribute to the Beckerian model of the allocation of time," Post-Print halshs-00973418, HAL.
    6. Bernard, Jean-Thomas & Bolduc, Denis & Yameogo, Nadège-Désirée, 2011. "A pseudo-panel data model of household electricity demand," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(1), pages 315-325, January.
    7. repec:dau:papers:123456789/4745 is not listed on IDEAS
    8. Claude Montmarquette & François Gardes, 2002. "How Large is Your Reference Group," CIRANO Working Papers 2002s-87, CIRANO.
    9. François Gardes, 1999. "L'apport de l'économétrie des panels et des pseudo-panels à l'analyse de la consommation," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 324(1), pages 157-162.
    10. Mireille Razafindrakoto & François Roubaud, 2005. "Les multiples facettes de la pauvreté dans un pays en développement. Le cas de la capitale malgache," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 383(1), pages 131-155.
    11. François Gardes, 2014. "Full price elasticities and the value of time: A Tribute to the Beckerian model of the allocation of time," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers) halshs-00973418, HAL.
    12. François Gardes, 2014. "Full price elasticities and the value of time: A tribute to the Beckerian model of the allocation of time," Documents de travail du Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne 14014, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (Paris 1), Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne.

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