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Assurance et échanges de risque sur le marché du travail

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  • Olivier Davanne
  • Thierry Pujol

Abstract

[spa] Seguro e intercambios del riesgo en el mercado de trabajo . El paro es la prueba ultima y la mâs patente de un riesgo mâs difuso al que los asalariados estân expuestos a lo largo de su actividad profesional : el de los choques negativos sobre la productividad aparente, sean éstos debidos a la coyuntura general, a unos factores sectoriales o a unos factores microeconômicos. Frente a este riesgo, existe una fuerte demanda de protection, de la que se hace cargo por una mayor parte el seguro contra el paro, pero que es asumida también en parte por los mismos individuos, y que pone en juego numerosos aspectos de la relaciôn de trabajo : modalidades de determination del salario, derecho laboral. Asi, se puede considerar que las restricciones del derecho de despido, o su penalization financiera, constituyen una manera de obligar a la empresa a soportar parte del riesgo de productividad. Semejante transferencia del riesgo se puede justificar, pero sus modalidades ôptimas parecen diffciles de définir. . Plantear entre estos términos el problema de la protection de los asalariados abre en todo caso numerosas perspectivas. Nos dedicamos aquf a très de ellas : la descripciôn del riesgo por cubrir, y su coste econômico, la comparaciôn entre seguro contra el paro y seguro "interno" a la empresa, la relaciôn entre el grado de protecciôn de los asalariados y las modalidades de formation de los salarios. [fre] Assurance et échanges de risque sur le marché du travail . Le chômage est la manifestation ultime et la plus visible d'un risque plus diffus auquel les salariés se trouvent exposés tout au long de leur carrière : celui de chocs négatifs sur leur productivité apparente, qu'ils soient dus à la conjoncture générale, à des facteurs sectoriels ou à des facteurs micro-économiques. Face à ce risque, il existe un fort besoin de protection, qui est largement pris en charge par l'assurance-chômage, mais dont une partie reste assumée par les individus eux-mêmes, et qui met aussi en jeu de nombreux aspects de la relation de travail : modes de fixation des salaires, droit du travail. Ainsi, on peut considérer que les restrictions du droit de licenciement, ou sa pénalisation financière, constituent une façon de forcer l'entreprise à supporter une partie de ce risque de productivité. Un tel transfert de risque peut avoir certaines justifications, mais ses modalités optimales semblent difficiles à définir. . Poser en ces termes le problème de la protection des salariés ouvre en tous cas des perspectives nombreuses. On se concentre ici sur trois d'entre elles : la description du risque à couvrir et de son coût économique, la comparaison entre assurance-chômage et assurance « interne » à l'entreprise, la relation entre degré de protection des salariés et modes de formation des salaires. [eng] Risk Insurance and Transfers on the Labour Market . Unemployment is the ultimate and most visible manifestation of a more diffuse risk to which employees are exposed throughout their careers. This risk is one of negative shocks on their visible productivity whether due to the general economic situation, sectorial factors or microeconomic factors. There is a strong need for protection against this threat. Protection is largely assumed by unemployment insurance, although a proportion remains down to the individuals themselves, and brings into play the wage formation and labour law aspects of labour relations. Restrictions or financial penalties on redundancy rights could therefore be . considered to be a way of forcing firms to bear part of this productivity risk. A number of reasons can be found to justify such a risk transfer, but optimum methods prove difficult to define. . Put in these terms, the employee protection question raises a number of issues for consideration. This article focuses on three of them: the description of the risk to be covered and its economic cost, the comparison between unemployment insurance and "in-house" insurance provided by firms, and the relation between the extent of employee protection and wage formation methods. [ger] Versicherung und Risikoaufteilung auf dem Arbeitsmarkt . Die Arbeitslosigkeit ist der letzte und offensichtlichste Ausdruck eines breiteren Risikos, dem die Arbeitnehmer wàhrend ihres gesamten Berufslebens ausgesetzt sind, und zwar desjenigen negativer Schocks auf ihre sichtbare Produktivitàt, seien diese auf die allgemeine Konjunk- turlage, auf sektorale Faktoren oder auf mikroôkono- mische Umstânde zurûckzufùhren. Aufgrund dieses Risikos besteht ein groBer Bedarf an Schutz, der weitgehend von der Arbeitslosenversicherung, zum Teil aber nach wie vor von den Individuen selbst ubemommen wird und bei dem auBerdem zahlreiche Aspekte der Arbeitsbeziehungen mit ins Spiel gebracht werden: Art der Lohnfestsetzung, Arbeitsrecht usw. Somit làBt sich sagen, daB die Beschrânkungen des Rechts auf Kùndigung oder deren finanzielle Sanktion ein Mittel darstellen, um die Unternehmen zur Clbernahme eines Teils dieses Produkti- vitâtsrisikos zu zwingen. Ein solcher Risikotransfer kann zwar in gewisser Hinsicht gerechtfertigt sein, seine optimalen Modalitâten lassen sich jedoch anscheinend nur schwer definieren. . Auf aile Fâlle erôffnet ein solches Angehen des Problems des Arbeitnehmerschutzes zahlreiche Perspektiven. In diesem Artikel konzentrieren wir uns auf drei davon, und zwar die Beschreibung des zu deckenden Risikos und seiner wirtschaftlichen Kosten, den Vergleich zwischen Arbeitslosenversicherung und "unternehmensintemer" Versicherung, die Beziehung zwischen Grad des Arbeitnehmerschutzes und Art der Lohnfestsetzung.

Suggested Citation

  • Olivier Davanne & Thierry Pujol, 1996. "Assurance et échanges de risque sur le marché du travail," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 291(1), pages 151-169.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1996_num_291_1_6036
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1996.6036
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1996.6036
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    References listed on IDEAS

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