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Comment mesurer l'impact du commerce international sur l'emploi ? Une note méthodologique

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  • Olivier Cortes
  • Sébastien Jean

Abstract

[fre] Comment mesurer l'impact du commerce international sur l'emploi ? Une note méthodologique . Si un pays du Nord commerce avec un pays du Sud, la rémunération réelle de ses travailleurs qualifiés augmentera, alors que celle des moins qualifiés diminuera. Cette prédiction de la théorie économique, liée à des hypothèses fortes de plein emploi et de constance de l'offre de travail, est difficile à valider empiriquement. D'autres effets que ceux liés aux échanges internationaux - ceux du progrès technique et de l'élévation du niveau moyen de qualification - concourent à modifier l'utilisation et la rémunération relative du travail qualifié. Si la nature de ces effets est identifiée, on ne peut les mesurer séparément : seule leur résultante est connue. . La plupart des travaux empiriques sur le contenu en emploi des échanges des pays industrialisés concluent à un impact négatif et faible, concentré sur les emplois les moins qualifiés. Mais ces résultats manquent de robustesse. Un calcul basé sur des coefficients moyens de contenu en emploi faussera le résultat car il est probable que le gain en emploi issu des exportations sera le fait des firmes plus productives que la moyenne, et, inversement, que les firmes les plus touchées par les importations seront parmi les moins productives : les gains seront surestimés et les pertes minorées. Par ailleurs, les biens échangés ne sont pas équivalents. Si l'on fait l'hypothèse que le Nord importe du Sud des produits qu'il ne fabrique plus, parce que trop intensifs en travail, le remplacement à l'identique de ces importations aurait alors un contenu en emploi supérieur à celui estimé pour les productions locales de même type, moins intensives en travail. Enfin, l'impact de l'ouverture des échanges dépend aussi des réactions des entreprises aux pressions concurrentielles : celles-ci diffèrent beaucoup d'un secteur à l'autre, en fonction des structures de marché et plus spécialement des barrières à l'entrée. [spa] iCômo medir el impacto del comercio internacional sobre el empleo? Apunte metodolôgico . Si un pais del Norte comercia con un pais del Sur, la remuneraciôn real de sus trabajadores cualificados aumentarâ, mientras que la de los menos cualificados disminuirâ. Esta predicciôn de la teorfa econômica, supeditada a unas hipôtesis altas de pleno empleo y de constancia de la oferta de trabajo, difi'cilmente se verifica a un nivel empi'rico. Efectos otros que los que estân supeditados a los intercambios internacionales - los del progreso técnico y de la elevaciôn del nivel medio de cualificaciôn - contribuyen a alterar la utilizaciôn y la remuneraciôn relativa al trabajo cualificado. Si bien se identifica la naturaleza de estos efectos, no se les puede medir de manera afslada : solo se conoce su résultante. . La mayor parte de los estudios empiricos sobre el contenido en empleo de los intercambios de los paises industrializados concluyen que el impacto es negativo y menor, concentrado en los empleos menos cualificados. Pero estos resultados carecen de firmeza. Una estimaciôn basada en unos coeficientes medios de contenido en empleo falsificarâ el resultado, pues es probable que la ganancia en empleo por medio de las exportaciones se deba a aquellas firmas mâs productivas que el promedio, y que, a la inversa, las firmas mâs afectadas por las importaciones figuren entre las menos productivas : las ganancias serân sobreestimadas y las pérdidas minoradas. Por otra parte, los bienes intercambiados no son équivalentes. Si se sigue la hipôtesis segûn la que el Norte importa del Sur aquellos productos que ya no élabora, por ser demasiado intensivos en trabajo, la sustituciôn térmmo portérmmo de estas importaciones tendria entonces un contenido en empleo superior al que se valora para las producciones locales de misma îndole menos intensivas en trabajo. En fin, el impacto de la apertura de los intercambios dépende también de las reacciones de las empresas a las presiones competitivas : estas difieren sobremanera de un sector a otro, segûn las estructuras del mercado y los aranceles. [ger] Wie làBt sich die Auswirkung des Welthandels auf die Beschâftigung messen? Ein methodoiogischer Ansatz . Wenn ein Land des Nordens mit einem Land des Sùdens Handel treibt, nimmt die reale Vergûtung seiner qualifizierten Arbeitnehmer zu, wàhrend die der weniger Qualifizierten sinkt. Dièse Vorhersage der Wirtschafts- theorie, die sich auf aussagekràftige Hypothesen der Vollbeschâftigung und der Kontinuitât des Arbeits- angebotes stùtzt, lâBt sich empirisch nur schwer bestâtigen. Andere Effekte als diejenigen, die durch den Welthandel bedingt sind, das heiBt die des technischen Fortschrittes und der Zunahme des Qualifikationsgrades, tragen ebenfalls dazu bei, da(3 bei der Nutzung und der relativen Vergûtung der qualifizierten Arbeit Ànderungen vonstatten gehen. Wenn die Art dieser Effekte identifiziert ist, kann man sie nicht getrennt messen: nur ihre Résultante ist bekannt. . Die meisten empirischen Arbeiten ùber den Beschàftigungsgehalt des Handelsaustauschs der Industrielànder lassen auf eine negative und geringe Auswirkung schlieBen, die sich auf die am wenigsten qualifizierten Beschàftigungen konzentriert. Diesen Ergebnissen fehlt es jedoch an Stichhaltigkeit. Eine . Berechnung auf der Grundlage durchschnittlicher Koeffizienten des Beschâftigungsgehalts wûrde das Ergebnis verfâlschen, da ein Beschâftigungsgewinn infolge der Ausfuhren wahrscheinlich bei den Unternehmen zu verzeichnen ware, die produktiver als der Durchschnitt sind, und da umgekehrt die am meisten von den Einfuhren betroffenen Unternehmen zu den am wenigsten produktiven zàhlen; denn die Gewinne wûrden ùberschâtzt und die Verluste zu niedrig angesetzt. Daneben sind die Handelsgùter nicht gleichwertig. Angenommen, der Norden importiert vom Sûden Produkte, die er selbst nicht mehr herstellt, da sie zu arbeitsintensiv sind, dann hâtte die gleichwertige Ersetzung dieser Einfuhren einen Beschàftigungsgehalt, der ûber demjenigen liegen wùrde, der fur die weniger arbeitsintensiven lokalen Produktionen des gleichen Typs geschâtzt wird. Die Auswirkungen der Ôffnung des Handels hângen ebenfalls von den Reaktionen der Unternehmen auf den Wettbewerbsdruck ab, da dièse sich von Sektor zu Sektor je nach den Marktstrukturen und insbesondere den Marktzutrittsschranken betràchtlich unterscheiden. [eng] How to Measure the Impact of International Trade on Employment: A Methodological Paper . When a Northern country trades with a Southern country, the real wages earned by its skilled workers should increase while those earned by its unskilled workers should decrease. This economic theory prediction, connected with strong hypotheses of full employment and a constant labour supply, is hard to check empirically. Effects other than those linked to international trade, such as technological progress and the increase in the average level of qualifications, band together to change the use and relative wages of skilled labour. Although the nature of these effects has been identified, they cannot be measured separately: only their outcome is known. . Most empirical studies on the share of employment found in trade with industrialized countries conclude that the impact is negative and minor, concentrated on the least skilled jobs. However, these results are not sound. A calculation based on average coefficients of the share of employment would distort the result, as the employment gain resulting from exports would probably be due to the more productive firms and, inversely, the firms most concerned by imports would be among the least productive. The gains would therefore be overestimated and the losses mitigated. Moreover, the goods traded are not equivalent. If the hypothesis is taken that the North imports from the South those products that it no longer manufactures, because they are too labour-intensive, the exact substitution of these imports would involve a higher share of employment than that estimated for less labour-intensive local production of the same kind. Lastly, the impact of the opening up of trade also depends on how companies react to competitive pressure. This pressure differs enormously from one sector to the next, depending on market structures and more especially barriers to entry.

Suggested Citation

  • Olivier Cortes & Sébastien Jean, 1994. "Comment mesurer l'impact du commerce international sur l'emploi ? Une note méthodologique," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 279(1), pages 3-11.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1994_num_279_1_5912
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1994.5912
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1994.5912
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    1. Jean-Pierre Cling, 1994. "Les échanges avec les pays en développement et leurs conséquences sur l'emploi," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 279(1), pages 47-68.
    2. Derbel, Hatem & Abdelkafi, Rami & Chkir, Ali, 2007. "Impact du commerce extérieur sur la productivité au sein des secteurs en Tunisie : cas de l’industrie manufacturière [Impact of foreign trade on productivity within sectors in Tunisia: the case of ," MPRA Paper 8533, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised Oct 2007.
    3. Matthieu Crozet & Gianluca Orefice, 2017. "Trade and Labor Market: What Do We Know?," CEPII Policy Brief 2017-15, CEPII research center.
    4. Didier Blanchet, 1995. "Inégalité, spécialisation, progrès technique et développement de services non qualifiés locaux," Économie et Prévision, Programme National Persée, vol. 120(4), pages 1-13.

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