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Multilevel Effects of Wealth on Women's Contraceptive Use in Mozambique

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  • José G Dias
  • Isabel Tiago de Oliveira

Abstract

Objective: This paper analyzes the impact of wealth on the use of contraception in Mozambique unmixing the contextual effects due to community wealth from the individual effects associated with the women's situation within the community of residence. Methods: Data from the 2011 Mozambican Demographic and Health Survey on women who are married or living together are analyzed for the entire country and also for the rural and urban areas separately. We used single level and multilevel probit regression models. Findings: A single level probit regression reveals that region, religion, age, previous fertility, education, and wealth impact contraceptive behavior. The multilevel analysis shows that average community wealth and the women’s relative socioeconomic position within the community have significant positive effects on the use of modern contraceptives. The multilevel framework proved to be necessary in rural settings but not relevant in urban areas. Moreover, the contextual effects due to community wealth are greater in rural than in urban areas and this feature is associated with the higher socioeconomic heterogeneity within the richest communities. Conclusion: This analysis highlights the need for the studies on contraceptive behavior to specifically address the individual and contextual effects arising from the poverty-wealth dimension in rural and urban areas separately. The inclusion in a particular community of residence is not relevant in urban areas, but it is an important feature in rural areas. Although the women's individual position within the community of residence has a similar effect on contraceptive adoption in rural and urban settings, the impact of community wealth is greater in rural areas and smaller in urban areas.

Suggested Citation

  • José G Dias & Isabel Tiago de Oliveira, 2015. "Multilevel Effects of Wealth on Women's Contraceptive Use in Mozambique," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(3), pages 1-15, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0121758
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121758
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Stephenson, R. & Baschieri, A. & Clements, S. & Hennink, M. & Madise, N., 2007. "Contextual influences on modern contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 97(7), pages 1233-1240.
    2. Victor Agadjanian & Scott Yabiku & Boaventura Cau, 2011. "Men’s Migration and Women’s Fertility in Rural Mozambique," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 48(3), pages 1029-1048, August.
    3. Davidson R. Gwatkin & Adam Wagstaff & Abdo S. Yazbeck, 2005. "Reaching the Poor with Health, Nutrition, and Population Services : What Works, What Doesn't, and Why," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 7393, April.
    4. Deon Filmer & Lant Pritchett, 2001. "Estimating Wealth Effects Without Expenditure Data—Or Tears: An Application To Educational Enrollments In States Of India," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 38(1), pages 115-132, February.
    5. Emmanuela Gakidou & Effy Vayena, 2007. "Use of Modern Contraception by the Poor Is Falling Behind," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 4(2), pages 1-9, February.
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    1. K. M. Mustafizur Rahman, 2019. "Determinants of Contraceptive Use Among the Rural Ever-Married Women: A Micro-Survey Study," Sumerianz Journal of Social Science, Sumerianz Publication, vol. 2(7), pages 86-91, 07-2019.

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