IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/pal/buseco/v59y2024i1d10.1057_s11369-023-00345-z.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Basic facts on the coverage of the paycheck protection program

Author

Listed:
  • Mark Schweitzer

    (Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland
    Case Western Reserve University)

  • Angela Guo

    (Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland)

Abstract

This paper applies loan-level information from Paycheck Protection Program loans to analyze the coverage of this extraordinary lending program. Most loans were intended to be forgiven making them effectively grants. We show that loans went to a large share of small businesses across most industries in the US, especially to industries that were most negatively impacted by COVID-19 stay-at-home orders. We geocode the loans and then identify that 2021 loans were more concentrated in low- and moderate-income communities, along with census tracts where minority residents are a majority of the population. The growth of nonemployer loans and fintech lending in the program were key components of the broadened reach of the program.

Suggested Citation

  • Mark Schweitzer & Angela Guo, 2024. "Basic facts on the coverage of the paycheck protection program," Business Economics, Palgrave Macmillan;National Association for Business Economics, vol. 59(1), pages 10-30, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:pal:buseco:v:59:y:2024:i:1:d:10.1057_s11369-023-00345-z
    DOI: 10.1057/s11369-023-00345-z
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1057/s11369-023-00345-z
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1057/s11369-023-00345-z?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to look for a different version below or search for a different version of it.

    Other versions of this item:

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. T. William Lester & Matthew D. Wilson, 2023. "The Racial and Spatial Impacts of the Paycheck Protection Program," Economic Development Quarterly, , vol. 37(3), pages 243-258, August.
    2. Erel, Isil & Liebersohn, Jack, 2022. "Can FinTech reduce disparities in access to finance? Evidence from the Paycheck Protection Program," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 146(1), pages 90-118.
    3. Brett Barkley & Mark Schweitzer, 2021. "The Rise of Fintech Lending to Small Businesses: Businesses' Perspectives on Borrowing," International Journal of Central Banking, International Journal of Central Banking, vol. 17(1), pages 35-65, March.
    4. John M. Griffin & Samuel Kruger & Prateek Mahajan, 2023. "Did FinTech Lenders Facilitate PPP Fraud?," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 78(3), pages 1777-1827, June.
    5. Robert Fairlie & Frank M. Fossen, 2022. "Did the Paycheck Protection Program and Economic Injury Disaster Loan Program get disbursed to minority communities in the early stages of COVID-19?," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 58(2), pages 829-842, February.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Vladimir Kotomin & Wyatt Frere & Ruby Morr, 2025. "Forgive me not? Racial and institutional disparities in the Paycheck Protection Program loan forgiveness," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 64(3), pages 1433-1461, March.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Vladimir Kotomin & Wyatt Frere & Ruby Morr, 2025. "Forgive me not? Racial and institutional disparities in the Paycheck Protection Program loan forgiveness," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 64(3), pages 1433-1461, March.
    2. Gabriela Lelo de Larrea & Mehmet Altin & Emrah Koçak & Fevzi Okumus, 2024. "Paycheck Protection Program and lending discrimination in the US hospitality industry," Tourism Economics, , vol. 30(7), pages 1780-1799, November.
    3. Brett Barkley & Mark Schweitzer, 2023. "Credit Availability for Minority Business Owners in an Evolving Credit Environment," Economic Development Quarterly, , vol. 37(3), pages 230-242, August.
    4. Chernenko, Sergey & Scharfstein, David, 2024. "Racial disparities in the Paycheck Protection Program," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 160(C).
    5. Sachin Kumar Sharma & P. Vigneswara Ilavarasan & Stan Karanasios, 2024. "Small businesses and FinTech: a systematic review and future directions," Electronic Commerce Research, Springer, vol. 24(1), pages 535-575, March.
    6. Kutzbach, Mark J. & Pogach, Jonathan, 2024. "Financial technology and relationship lending: Complements or substitutes?," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 59(C).
    7. Daniel G. Neely & Gregory D. Saxton & Paul A. Wong, 2023. "Nonprofit Organizations’ Financial Obligations and the Paycheck Protection Program," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 69(7), pages 4353-4361, July.
    8. Marsh, W. Blake & Sharma, Padma, 2024. "Loan guarantees in a crisis: An antidote to a credit crunch?," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    9. Hasan, Iftekhar & Li, Xiang & Takalo, Tuomas, 2023. "Technological innovation and the bank lending channel of monetary policy transmission," IWH Discussion Papers 14/2021, Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH), revised 2023.
    10. Gustavo Joaquim & J. Christina Wang, 2022. "What Do 25 Million Records of Small Businesses Say about the Effects of the PPP?," Working Papers 22-23, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston.
    11. Maksim Belitski & Christina Guenther & Alexander S. Kritikos & Roy Thurik, 2022. "Economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on entrepreneurship and small businesses," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 58(2), pages 593-609, February.
    12. Tobias Berg & Andreas Fuster & Manju Puri, 2022. "FinTech Lending," Annual Review of Financial Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 14(1), pages 187-207, November.
    13. Wu, Lei & Yu, Dongli & Lv, Yongbin, 2023. "Digital banking and deposit: Substitution effect of mobile applications on web services," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 56(C).
    14. Carletti, Elena & Leonello, Agnese & Marquez, Robert, 2023. "Loan guarantees, bank underwriting policies and financial stability," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 149(2), pages 260-295.
    15. Jeffery Piao & K. Philip Wang & Diana L. Weng, 2025. "U.S. Banks’ Artificial Intelligence and Small Business Lending: Evidence from the Census Bureau’s Annual Business Survey," Working Papers 25-07, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
    16. Suhrab, Muhammad & Chen, Pinglu & Ullah, Atta, 2024. "Digital financial inclusion and income inequality nexus: Can technology innovation and infrastructure development help in achieving sustainable development goals?," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    17. Sergey Chernenko & Nathan Kaplan & Asani Sarkar & David S. Scharfstein, 2023. "Applications or Approvals: What Drives Racial Disparities in the Paycheck Protection Program?," NBER Working Papers 31172, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    18. Cristina Demma & Giovanni Ferri & Andrea Orame & Valerio Pesic & Valerio Vacca, 2024. "Banks' operational resilience during pandemics," Questioni di Economia e Finanza (Occasional Papers) 833, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
    19. Tania Babina & Saleem A. Bahaj & Greg Buchak & Filippo De Marco & Angus K. Foulis & Will Gornall & Francesco Mazzola & Tong Yu, 2024. "Customer Data Access and Fintech Entry: Early Evidence from Open Banking," NBER Working Papers 32089, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    20. Wang, Ye & Wu, Shuang, 2024. "Impact of mobile banking on small business lending after bank branch closures," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Small business lending; Credit access; Fintech; Discrimination;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • L5 - Industrial Organization - - Regulation and Industrial Policy
    • R3 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location
    • J71 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Labor Discrimination - - - Hiring and Firing

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:pal:buseco:v:59:y:2024:i:1:d:10.1057_s11369-023-00345-z. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.palgrave-journals.com/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.