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Basic Facts on the Coverage of the Paycheck Protection Program

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Abstract

This paper applies loan-level information from Paycheck Protection Program loans to analyze the coverage of this extraordinary lending program. We show that loans went to a large share of small businesses across most industries in the US, especially to industries that were most negatively impacted by COVID-19 stay-at-home orders. We geocode the loans and then identify that 2021 loans were more concentrated in low- and moderate-income communities, along with census tracts where minority residents are a majority of the population. The growth of nonemployer loans and fintech lending in the program were key components of the broadened reach of the program.

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  • Angela Guo & Mark E. Schweitzer, 2023. "Basic Facts on the Coverage of the Paycheck Protection Program," Working Papers 23-24, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland.
    • Handle: RePEc:fip:fedcwq:97246
    DOI: 10.26509/frbc-wp-202324
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    1. T. William Lester & Matthew D. Wilson, 2023. "The Racial and Spatial Impacts of the Paycheck Protection Program," Economic Development Quarterly, , vol. 37(3), pages 243-258, August.
    2. Erel, Isil & Liebersohn, Jack, 2022. "Can FinTech reduce disparities in access to finance? Evidence from the Paycheck Protection Program," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 146(1), pages 90-118.
    3. Brett Barkley & Mark Schweitzer, 2021. "The Rise of Fintech Lending to Small Businesses: Businesses' Perspectives on Borrowing," International Journal of Central Banking, International Journal of Central Banking, vol. 17(1), pages 35-65, March.
    4. John M. Griffin & Samuel Kruger & Prateek Mahajan, 2023. "Did FinTech Lenders Facilitate PPP Fraud?," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 78(3), pages 1777-1827, June.
    5. Robert Fairlie & Frank M. Fossen, 2022. "Did the Paycheck Protection Program and Economic Injury Disaster Loan Program get disbursed to minority communities in the early stages of COVID-19?," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 58(2), pages 829-842, February.
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    Cited by:

    1. Vladimir Kotomin & Wyatt Frere & Ruby Morr, 2025. "Forgive me not? Racial and institutional disparities in the Paycheck Protection Program loan forgiveness," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 64(3), pages 1433-1461, March.

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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • L5 - Industrial Organization - - Regulation and Industrial Policy
    • R3 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location
    • J71 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Labor Discrimination - - - Hiring and Firing

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