Reducing Carbon Emissions from Transport Sector: Experience and Policy Design Considerations

Countries aim to reduce fossil fuel usage and related environmental issues through various demand- and supply-side policies. Numerous studies have assessed the policies’ overview. However, analysis of the impacts and effectiveness of these policies in addressing transport-related CO 2 emissions is limited globally and in countries like New Zealand, which have a lower CO 2 emissions energy intensity compared to Europe, Asia, and Oceania averages. Therefore, this study first analyses the trends in energy consumption and CO 2 emissions within the transport sector across the ten largest total CO 2 -emitting countries, as well as the ten largest transport CO 2 -emitting OECD countries. It then provides a systematic review of the relevant policies and, finally, estimates two econometric models to explore the effects of these policies on the energy market, aimed at reducing GHG emissions globally from the transport sector, with New Zealand as a case study. The study findings indicate that the transport sector remains a significant contributor to global fossil fuel consumption and CO 2 emissions, accounting for 40.4% and 23.3%, respectively, in 2024. The ten largest CO 2 -emitting countries—China, the United States, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Iran, Canada, and Saudi Arabia—are responsible for 68% of global emissions. Additionally, the ten OECD countries, except the US, with the highest transport CO 2 emissions—Japan, Germany, South Korea, Canada, Mexico, the UK, Italy, France, Spain, and Australia—accounted for 15.7% of the world’s total transport CO 2 emissions. Although the share of renewable energy and electricity consumption in the transport sector has steadily risen to 3.54% and 1.4%, respectively, in 2022, further adoption of these sources can considerably lower greenhouse gas emissions in this sector. Results also indicate that both demand- and supply-side policies effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions, with their impact amplified when implemented together. In New Zealand, demand-side policies have proven to be more effective in reducing emissions than supply-side strategies alone, though combining them is the most efficient approach. This study emphasizes the importance of strategic policy implementation to guide the world toward sustainable development.