IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v16y2023i1p38-d1303469.html

Turbulent Events Effects: Socioeconomic Changes in Southern Poland as Captured by the LSED Index

Author

Listed:
  • Karol Król

    (Department of Land Management and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 253c, 30-198 Krakow, Poland)

  • Anita Kukulska-Kozieł

    (Department of Land Management and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 253c, 30-198 Krakow, Poland)

  • Katarzyna Cegielska

    (Department of Land Management and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 253c, 30-198 Krakow, Poland)

  • Tomasz Salata

    (Department of Land Management and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 253c, 30-198 Krakow, Poland)

  • Józef Hernik

    (Department of Land Management and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 253c, 30-198 Krakow, Poland)

Abstract

Today’s generations live in uncertain times. The inflation of violent and unpredictable events over the last two decades, such as the economic crisis or COVID-19 pandemic, has affected the functioning of regions and the daily lives of their residents. Therefore, the socioeconomic level has to be monitored. This article fills the research gap regarding the identification of the impact of recent turbulent events on the development of municipalities in southern Poland. The specific goal is to identify trends in socioeconomic changes in times of change and uncertainty from 2006 to 2021 in 450 municipalities in Małopolskie, Śląskie, and Świętokrzyskie Voivodeships. The research defined model and problem areas among the municipalities regarding the level of development. The analyses employ an original synthetic Level of SocioEconomic Development index (LSED) consisting of 18 diagnostic variables. The study mixed qualitative and quantitative approaches and considered the spatial dimension in statistical analyses. We identified general trends related to the ageing population and housing shortage. Moreover, in municipalities dominated by industry, socioeconomic development was generally constant. The opposite is true for municipalities focusing on tourism or agriculture. The conclusions demonstrate that Poland’s European Union membership was the key driver of the socioeconomic development of the regions and the country at large. The rule of law crisis in Poland and ensuing cuts in EU spending could slow the development down. The crisis brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic might be consequential as well.

Suggested Citation

  • Karol Król & Anita Kukulska-Kozieł & Katarzyna Cegielska & Tomasz Salata & Józef Hernik, 2023. "Turbulent Events Effects: Socioeconomic Changes in Southern Poland as Captured by the LSED Index," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-23, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2023:i:1:p:38-:d:1303469
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/1/38/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/1/38/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Fara Azmat & Ramanie Samaratunge, 2009. "Responsible Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries: Understanding the Realities and Complexities," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 90(3), pages 437-452, December.
    2. Marco Marozzi, 2016. "Construction, Robustness Assessment and Application of an Index of Perceived Level of Socio-Economic Threat from Immigrants: A Study of 47 European Countries and Regions," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 128(1), pages 413-437, August.
    3. Lowe, Philip & Phillipson, Jeremy & Proctor, Amy & Gkartzios, Menelaos, 2019. "Expertise in rural development: A conceptual and empirical analysis," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 116(C), pages 28-37.
    4. John Mubangizi & Betty Mubangizi, 2005. "Poverty, human rights law and socio-economic realities in South Africa," Development Southern Africa, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 22(2), pages 277-290.
    5. Liu, Yansui & Zhou, Yang, 2021. "Territory spatial planning and national governance system in China," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    6. Titik Anas & Hal Hill & Dionisius Narjoko & Chandra Tri Putra, 2022. "The Indonesian Economy in Turbulent Times," Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 58(3), pages 241-271, September.
    7. Kukulska-Kozieł, Anita, 2023. "Buildable land overzoning. Have new planning regulations in Poland resolved the issue?," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).
    8. Wójcik-Leń, Justyna & Leń, Przemysław & Mika, Monika & Kryszk, Hubert & Kotlarz, Paweł, 2019. "Studies regarding correct selection of statistical methods for the needs of increasing the efficiency of identification of land for consolidation—A case study in Poland," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).
    9. Syed Mithun Ali & Andrea Appolloni & Fausto Cavallaro & Idiano D’Adamo & Assunta Di Vaio & Francesco Ferella & Massimo Gastaldi & Muhammad Ikram & Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar & Michael Alan Martin & Abdul, 2023. "Development Goals towards Sustainability," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-11, June.
    10. Simon Nicholson & JesseL. Reynolds, 2020. "Taking Technology Seriously: Introduction to the Special Issue on NewTechnologies and Global Environmental Politics," Global Environmental Politics, MIT Press, vol. 20(3), pages 1-8, August.
    11. Korneliusz Pylak & Dieter F. Kogler, 2021. "Successful economic diversification in less developed regions: long-term trends in turbulent times," Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 55(3), pages 465-478, March.
    12. Mary Dobbs & Viviane Gravey & Ludivine Petetin, 2021. "Driving the European Green Deal in Turbulent Times," Politics and Governance, Cogitatio Press, vol. 9(3), pages 316-326.
    13. Karsten Lieser & Alexander Groh, 2014. "The Determinants of International Commercial Real Estate Investment," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 48(4), pages 611-659, May.
    14. Vladimir Strezov & Annette Evans & Tim J. Evans, 2017. "Assessment of the Economic, Social and Environmental Dimensions of the Indicators for Sustainable Development," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 25(3), pages 242-253, May.
    15. Hannum, Emily & Buchmann, Claudia, 2005. "Global Educational Expansion and Socio-Economic Development: An Assessment of Findings from the Social Sciences," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 33(3), pages 333-354, March.
    16. Morgan Bazilian & Michael Bradshaw & Johannes Gabriel & Andreas Goldthau & Kirsten Westphal, 2020. "Four scenarios of the energy transition: Drivers, consequences, and implications for geopolitics," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 11(2), March.
    17. Keola, Souknilanh & Andersson, Magnus & Hall, Ola, 2015. "Monitoring Economic Development from Space: Using Nighttime Light and Land Cover Data to Measure Economic Growth," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 322-334.
    18. Christopher Ansell & Eva Sørensen & Jacob Torfing, 2021. "The COVID-19 pandemic as a game changer for public administration and leadership? The need for robust governance responses to turbulent problems," Public Management Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(7), pages 949-960, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Luge Wen & Tiyan Shen & Yuran Huang, 2025. "A Multi-Regional CGE Model for the Optimization of Land Resource Allocation: A Simulation of the Impact of High-Quality Development Policies in China," Land, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-26, February.
    2. Klaus Andresen & Ursula Müller & Hans-Jörg Schmerer, 2026. "Energy for Growth: Satellite Synthetic Control Evidence from Indonesia," CESifo Working Paper Series 12502, CESifo.
    3. Hayakawa, Kazunobu & Keola, Souknilanh & Silaphet, Korrakoun & Yamanouchi, Kenta, 2022. "Estimating the impacts of international bridges on foreign firm locations: a machine learning approach," IDE Discussion Papers 847, Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization(JETRO).
    4. Beyer, Robert C.M. & Franco-Bedoya, Sebastian & Galdo, Virgilio, 2021. "Examining the economic impact of COVID-19 in India through daily electricity consumption and nighttime light intensity," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
    5. Shuangqing Sheng & Wei Song & Hua Lian & Lei Ning, 2022. "Review of Urban Land Management Based on Bibliometrics," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-25, November.
    6. Quitzow, R. & Zabanova, Y., 2025. "Geoeconomics of the transition to net-zero energy and industrial systems: A framework for analysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 214(C).
    7. Marco Marozzi & Mario Bolzan, 2018. "An Index of Household Accessibility to Basic Services: A Study of Italian Regions," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 136(3), pages 1237-1250, April.
    8. Nicholas Bamegne Nambie & Philomena Dadzie & Dorcas Oye Haywood-Dadzie, 2023. "Measuring the Effect of Income Inequality, Financial Inclusion, Investment, and Unemployment, on Economic Growth in Africa: A Moderating Role of Digital Financial Technology," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 13(4), pages 111-124, July.
    9. Di Zio, Simone & Bolzan, Mario & Marozzi, Marco, 2021. "Classification of Delphi outputs through robust ranking and fuzzy clustering for Delphi-based scenarios," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    10. Pieter Serneels & Stefan Dercon, 2021. "Aspirations, Poverty, and Education. Evidence from India," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 57(1), pages 163-183, January.
    11. Jesús J. Cambra‐Fierro & J. Alfredo Flores‐Hernández & Lourdes Pérez & Guadalupe Valera‐Blanes, 2020. "CSR and branding in emerging economies: The effect of incomes and education," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 27(6), pages 2765-2776, November.
    12. Hametner, Markus, 2022. "Economics without ecology: How the SDGs fail to align socioeconomic development with environmental sustainability," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 199(C).
    13. Cedric Aimal Edwin & Dave Bamber & Ilyas Sharif & Abid Khan & Abdul Waris & Jehangir Khan, 2025. "Conceptualizing Corporate Social Responsibility Process Among Muslim SMEs in the UK: A Case Study Approach," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 16(5), pages 17195-17225, November.
    14. Odysseas Christou, 2021. "Energy Security in Turbulent Times Towards the European Green Deal," Politics and Governance, Cogitatio Press, vol. 9(3), pages 360-369.
    15. Gavin Bridge & Ludger Gailing, 2020. "New energy spaces: Towards a geographical political economy of energy transition," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 52(6), pages 1037-1050, September.
    16. David Bruce Audretsch & Maksim Belitski & Georg Maximilian Eichler & Erich Schwarz, 2024. "Entrepreneurial ecosystems, institutional quality, and the unexpected role of the sustainability orientation of entrepreneurs," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 62(2), pages 503-522, February.
    17. Yujin Lu & Xingmeng Xu & Gaoru Zhu & Yuting Peng & Yi Li & Xueyan Zhao, 2024. "Land Space and High-Speed Transportation Coordinated Development Evaluation in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Urban Agglomeration of China," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-27, October.
    18. Matheus B. Frare & Ana P. C. Clauberg & Simone Sehnem & Lucila M. S. Campos & Juliano Spuldaro, 2020. "Toward a sustainable development indicators system for small municipalities," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(5), pages 1148-1167, September.
    19. Evans, Geoffrey & Rose, Pauline, 2007. "Support for Democracy in Malawi: Does Schooling Matter?," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 35(5), pages 904-919, May.
    20. Chen, Fangxin & Li, Yurui & Liu, Yansui, 2025. "Bottom-up hierarchical detection of territorial spatial pattern based on multi-source heterogeneous data," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2023:i:1:p:38-:d:1303469. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.