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Advancing Biodiesel Production System from Mixed Vegetable Oil Waste: A Life Cycle Assessment of Environmental and Economic Outcomes

Author

Listed:
  • Farayi Musharavati

    (Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar)

  • Khadija Sajid

    (Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan)

  • Izza Anwer

    (Department of Transportation Engineering and Management, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan)

  • Abdul-Sattar Nizami

    (Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Hassan Javed

    (Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan)

  • Anees Ahmad

    (Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Naqvi

    (College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait)

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the environmental and economic performance of biodiesel production from mixed vegetable oil waste using the life cycle assessment (LCA) model. Due to its huge potential, Pakistan is taken as a case study. It produces 468,842 tons of vegetable oil waste annually. As no biodiesel production plant exists to process it, the environmental performance of biodiesel prototypes has not been investigated. Therefore, the current study is conducted to support the design of a plant to produce biodiesel from mixed oil waste. An attributional LCA was conducted using ReCiPe (H) and found that 400 kg of biodiesel can be produced from 1 t of mixed oil waste. The results, based on a functional unit of 1 ton, showed that biodiesel production from mixed vegetable oil waste is more eco-friendly than the existing landfilling practices with a global warming potential of 1.36 × 10 −4 kg CO 2 eq, human toxicity of 5.31 kg 1.4 DB eq, ozone depletion potential of 0.00271 kg CFC-11 eq, eutrophication potential of 0.0118 kg P eq, acidification potential of 123 kg SO 2 eq, and photochemical ozone formation of 51.4 kg NO x eq. Scenario modelling was conducted using electricity from photovoltaic solar cells, which decrease fine particulate matter formation from 44.5 to 0.725 kg PM 2 . 5 eq, instead of using electricity from a grid to the plant. Hotspot identification was carried out to highlight the effects of individual impact categories. An economic analysis showed that 638,839 USD/year revenue would be generated. Generating energy from discarded vegetable oils through biodiesel production presents a sustainable and economically viable approach. This process benefits the environment and contributes to cost savings by reducing waste disposal in landfills. Furthermore, it aligns with the principles of a circular economy, in which resources are reused and recycled. It also supports the pursuit of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG-7, which focuses on affordable and clean energy, and SDG-12, which emphasizes responsible consumption and production.

Suggested Citation

  • Farayi Musharavati & Khadija Sajid & Izza Anwer & Abdul-Sattar Nizami & Muhammad Hassan Javed & Anees Ahmad & Muhammad Naqvi, 2023. "Advancing Biodiesel Production System from Mixed Vegetable Oil Waste: A Life Cycle Assessment of Environmental and Economic Outcomes," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-25, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:24:p:16550-:d:1294151
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Muhammad Hassan Javed & Anees Ahmad & Mohammad Rehan & Farayi Musharavati & Abdul-Sattar Nizami & Mohammad Ilyas Khan, 2025. "Advancing Sustainable Energy: Environmental and Economic Assessment of Plastic Waste Gasification for Syngas and Electricity Generation Using Life Cycle Modeling," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-23, February.
    2. Juliana Araújo Pereira & Flávio José Simioni & Juliana Ferreira Soares & Jeane de Almeida do Rosário & Eduardo Bertol & Fabio Murilo Padilha Souza & Luiz Moreira Coelho Junior, 2024. "Circular Economy Practices in Biomass-Fired Power Plants in Brazil: An Assessment Using the ReSOLVE Framework," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(21), pages 1-19, October.
    3. Hu, Zhiyuan & Shen, Jiayi & Tan, Piqiang & Lou, Diming, 2025. "Life cycle carbon footprint of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil based on survey data in Shanghai, China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 320(C).
    4. Sergio Nogales-Delgado, 2025. "Biodiesel Production and Life Cycle Assessment: Status and Prospects," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-35, June.

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