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Human Resource Management in Industry 4.0 Era: The Influence of Resilience and Self-Efficacy on the Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Formative Assessment: A Study of Public Primary Educational Organizations

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  • Athanasia Panagiotidou

    (Department of Organisation Management, Marketing and Tourism, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece)

  • Chryssoula Chatzigeorgiou

    (Department of Organisation Management, Marketing and Tourism, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece)

  • Evangelos Christou

    (Department of Organisation Management, Marketing and Tourism, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece)

  • Ioannis Roussakis

    (Department of Educational Studies, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece)

Abstract

The Industry 4.0 era has brought significant changes in all areas of everyday life. This development has an impact on employment relations, making evaluation a core aspect of human resource management, especially in education, where new skills and knowledge are important. Thus, the role of educational leaders as managers and evaluators of the educational staff, and especially, the characteristics/skills they should possess for an effective employee evaluation, are essential for a positive work environment. This study explores the qualitative characteristics that the educational unit manager should have to implement formative assessment practices effectively, and specifically, the mediating role of resilience and self-efficacy in the relationship between emotional intelligence and formative assessment. The sample consisted of 258 educational unit managers serving in primary public schools in the prefectures of Pieria, Imathia, Pella, Kilkis, and Chalkidiki, Greece. A self-report questionnaire was administered online using four scales: TEIQue-SF for emotional intelligence, the Multidimensional Teachers’ Resilience Scale, the New Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Teacher Formative Assessment Practice Scale. The model was evaluated with SPSS.20 and PLS-SEM v. 4.1.0.6. The results indicate that resilience plays the most crucial role in the model, acting as a key mediator between emotional intelligence and formative assessment. While self-efficacy also has a mediating role, it is effective only when combined with resilience, rather than functioning independently. This research’s results suggest a necessity for implementing professional development programs within schools for both educational managers and teachers. These findings have practical implications for in-service training of educational leaders in emotional intelligence and resilience-based HR practices.

Suggested Citation

  • Athanasia Panagiotidou & Chryssoula Chatzigeorgiou & Evangelos Christou & Ioannis Roussakis, 2025. "Human Resource Management in Industry 4.0 Era: The Influence of Resilience and Self-Efficacy on the Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Formative Assessment: A Study of Public Primary Educ," Societies, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-21, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsoctx:v:15:y:2025:i:5:p:138-:d:1658823
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Veronika Bikse & Liva Grinevica & Baiba Rivza & Peteris Rivza, 2022. "Consequences and Challenges of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and the Impact on the Development of Employability Skills," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-23, June.
    2. Bandura, Albert, 1991. "Social cognitive theory of self-regulation," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Elsevier, vol. 50(2), pages 248-287, December.
    3. Eleni Triantafillidou & Theodore Koutroukis, 2022. "Human Resource Management, Employee Participation and European Works Councils: The Case of Pharmaceutical Industry in Greece," Societies, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-18, November.
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