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Impact of Health and Social Factors on the Cardiometabolic Risk in People with Food Insecurity: A Systematic Review

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  • Blanca Salinas-Roca

    (Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Lleida, Montserrat Roig 2, 25198 Lleida, Spain
    Global Research on Wellbeing (GRoW) Research Group, Blanquerna School of Health Science, Ramon Llull University, Padilla, 326-332, 08025 Barcelona, Spain)

  • Laura Rubió-Piqué

    (Antioxidants Research Group, Food Technology Department, AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, University of Lleida, Av/Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain)

  • Elena Carrillo-Álvarez

    (Global Research on Wellbeing (GRoW) Research Group, Blanquerna School of Health Science, Ramon Llull University, Padilla, 326-332, 08025 Barcelona, Spain)

  • Gemma Franco-Alcaine

    (Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Lleida, Montserrat Roig 2, 25198 Lleida, Spain)

Abstract

Food plays a key role in people’s health and quality of life. Inadequate eating habits or a deficient diet can lead to the development of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The present review aims to describe the health and social factors related to food insecurity (FI) in adults in high-income countries and evaluate their impact on cardiometabolic risk (CMR). Following the PRISMA procedures, a systematic review was conducted by searching in biomedical databases. Full articles were screened (nf = 228) and critically appraised, and 12 studies met the inclusion criteria. Based on the selected studies, the results grouped information based on (i) the characteristics of the population in FI, (ii) the impact of FI on NCDs, and (iii) the cardiovascular and all-cause mortality risk of the FI population. Considering the minimum and maximum percentage data, people of the categories female sex (46.2–57.6%), education level lower than high school (11–67.46%), non-Hispanic white ethnicity (37.4–58%), single or separated or widowed (45–64.8%), and current smoker (35.5–61.1%) make up the population with FI in high-income countries. All of these factors presented a significant association ( p < 0.001) with cardiovascular risk factors. The highest odds ratios (OR) for the FI population are described for obesity (OR = 2.49, 95% CI; 1.16–5.33) and myocardial infarction (OR = 2.19, 95% CI). Interventions that integrate FI screening and the measurement of CMR factors into routine clinical care may be an important step to identify vulnerable populations and subsequently improve and prevent NCDs. Thus, food-diet policies and public-health-based interventions are needed to be included in the measurement of CMR in the assessment of FI.

Suggested Citation

  • Blanca Salinas-Roca & Laura Rubió-Piqué & Elena Carrillo-Álvarez & Gemma Franco-Alcaine, 2022. "Impact of Health and Social Factors on the Cardiometabolic Risk in People with Food Insecurity: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-10, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:21:p:14447-:d:963086
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Vincent L. Mendy & Rodolfo Vargas & Gerri Cannon-Smith & Marinelle Payton & Byambaa Enkhmaa & Lei Zhang, 2018. "Food Insecurity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors among Mississippi Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-8, September.
    2. Broussard, Nzinga H., 2019. "What explains gender differences in food insecurity?," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 180-194.
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    2. Paulo César Pereira de Castro Junior & Yoko Ametista Carvalho Suéte Matos & Roberta Teixeira de Oliveira & Rosana Salles-Costa & Aline Alves Ferreira, 2025. "Perception of the Food Environment and Food Security Levels of Residents of the City of Rio de Janeiro," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 22(4), pages 1-15, April.

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