IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v19y2022i17p10840-d902485.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Spatial Pattern and Fairness Measurement of Educational Resources in Primary and Middle Schools: A Case Study of Chengdu–Chongqing Economic Circle

Author

Listed:
  • Wei Lu

    (Chongqing Jinfo Mountain National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystem, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Remote Sensing Big Data Application, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
    Key Laboratory of Monitoring, Evaluation and Early Warning of Territorial Spatial Planning Implementation, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chongqing 401147, China)

  • Yuechen Li

    (Chongqing Jinfo Mountain National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystem, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Remote Sensing Big Data Application, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
    Key Laboratory of Monitoring, Evaluation and Early Warning of Territorial Spatial Planning Implementation, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chongqing 401147, China)

  • Rongkun Zhao

    (Chongqing Jinfo Mountain National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystem, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Remote Sensing Big Data Application, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
    Key Laboratory of Monitoring, Evaluation and Early Warning of Territorial Spatial Planning Implementation, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chongqing 401147, China)

  • Bo He

    (Key Laboratory of Monitoring, Evaluation and Early Warning of Territorial Spatial Planning Implementation, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chongqing 401147, China
    Chongqing Planning & Design Institute, Chongqing 401147, China)

  • Zihua Qian

    (Key Laboratory of Monitoring, Evaluation and Early Warning of Territorial Spatial Planning Implementation, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chongqing 401147, China
    Chongqing Planning & Design Institute, Chongqing 401147, China)

Abstract

China’s education has developed rapidly in recent years, but the issue of educational equality still exists. Currently, there are few studies on educational resources, and their spatial pattern and fairness remain unclear. Thus, this study selected the point of interest data and spatial analysis methods to depict the spatial pattern of educational resources (containing the number of teachers, students, facilities, etc.). Then, we evaluated the equity of educational resources (including the number of schools and school teachers) in terms of geographic and population distribution by combining statistical yearbook data with two indices (the index of dissimilarity and agglomeration degree) to promote healthy urban development. The results show the following. (1) Educational resources have a multicenter spatial structure of “dual cores and multiple sub-centers”. The Moran index reflects a weak positive spatial correlation between educational resources. (2) The index of dissimilarity is between 0.02 and 0.21, which shows that the allocation of resources is relatively balanced. Regarding internal units, obvious differences exist in the agglomeration degree and equilibrium of educational resources.

Suggested Citation

  • Wei Lu & Yuechen Li & Rongkun Zhao & Bo He & Zihua Qian, 2022. "Spatial Pattern and Fairness Measurement of Educational Resources in Primary and Middle Schools: A Case Study of Chengdu–Chongqing Economic Circle," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-23, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:17:p:10840-:d:902485
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/17/10840/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/17/10840/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Noman Saeed & Ambreen Fatima, 2015. "Educational Inequality in Rural and Urban Sindh," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 54(4), pages 767-777.
    2. Dadon-Golan, Zehorit & BenDavid-Hadar, Iris & Klein, Joseph, 2019. "Revisiting educational (in)equity: Measuring educational Gini coefficients for Israeli high schools during the years 2001–2011," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 1-1.
    3. Birdsall, Nancy & Londono, Juan Luis, 1997. "Asset Inequality Matters: An Assessment of the World Bank's Approach to Poverty Reduction," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 87(2), pages 32-37, May.
    4. Omoeva, Carina & Menezes Cunha, Nina & Moussa, Wael, 2021. "Measuring equity of education resource allocation: An output-based approach," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).
    5. Mengyue Yuan & Tong Liu & Chao Yang, 2022. "Exploring the Relationship among Human Activities, COVID-19 Morbidity, and At-Risk Areas Using Location-Based Social Media Data: Knowledge about the Early Pandemic Stage in Wuhan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-22, May.
    6. Luo, Yifeng & Zhou, Rachel Yang & Mizunoya, Suguru & Amaro, Diogo, 2020. "How various types of disabilities impact children’s school attendance and completion - Lessons learned from censuses in eight developing countries," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    7. Yu, Nannan & Yu, Bo & de Jong, Martin & Storm, Servaas, 2015. "Does inequality in educational attainment matter for China's economic growth?," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 164-173.
    8. Lam, David & Levison, Deborah, 1991. "Declining inequality in schooling in Brazil and its effects on inequality in earnings," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 37(1-2), pages 199-225, November.
    9. Elena Meschi & Francesco Scervini, 2014. "A new dataset on educational inequality," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 47(2), pages 695-716, September.
    10. Yudan Zhang & Yuanqing Li & Yanan Chen & Shirao Liu & Qingyuan Yang, 2022. "Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity of Urban Land Expansion and Urban Population Growth under New Urbanization: A Case Study of Chongqing," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(13), pages 1-25, June.
    11. Burger, Kaspar, 2019. "The socio-spatial dimension of educational inequality: A comparative European analysis," MPRA Paper 95309, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2019.
    12. Bantis, Thanos & Haworth, James, 2020. "Assessing transport related social exclusion using a capabilities approach to accessibility framework: A dynamic Bayesian network approach," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    13. Zhang, Huafeng, 2017. "Opportunity or new poverty trap: Rural-urban education disparity and internal migration in China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 112-124.
    14. Pizzol, Bruna & Giannotti, Mariana & Tomasiello, Diego Bogado, 2021. "Qualifying accessibility to education to investigate spatial equity," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 96(C).
    15. Hu, Lirong & He, Shenjing & Luo, Yun & Su, Shiliang & Xin, Jing & Weng, Min, 2020. "A social-media-based approach to assessing the effectiveness of equitable housing policy in mitigating education accessibility induced social inequalities in Shanghai, China," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    16. Bongiorno, Christian & Santucci, Daniele & Kon, Fabio & Santi, Paolo & Ratti, Carlo, 2019. "Comparing bicycling and pedestrian mobility: Patterns of non-motorized human mobility in Greater Boston," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Haoran Su & Chang Liu & Donghui Dai & Wenkai Chen & Zhen Zhang & Yaowu Wang, 2023. "Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of the National Comprehensive Disaster-Reduction Demonstration Community in China," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-30, August.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Dadon-Golan, Zehorit & BenDavid-Hadar, Iris & Klein, Joseph, 2019. "Revisiting educational (in)equity: Measuring educational Gini coefficients for Israeli high schools during the years 2001–2011," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 1-1.
    2. Luz, Gregório & Barboza, Matheus H.C. & Portugal, Licinio & Giannotti, Mariana & van Wee, Bert, 2022. "Does better accessibility help to reduce social exclusion? Evidence from the city of São Paulo, Brazil," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 166(C), pages 186-217.
    3. Luz, Gregorio & Barboza, Matheus Henrique Cunha & da Silva Portugal, Licinio & Giannotti, Mariana & van Wee, Bert, 2022. "Does better accessibility help to reduce social exclusion? Evidence from the City of São Paulo, Brazil," SocArXiv 2p896, Center for Open Science.
    4. Jiali Wan & Yanfang Liu & Yiyun Chen & Jiameng Hu & Zhengyu Wang, 2018. "A Tale of North and South: Balanced and Sustainable Development of Primary Education in Ningxia, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-16, February.
    5. Petra Sauer, 2019. "The Role of Age and Gender in Educational Expansion: The South Asian Experience in the Global Context," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 65(S1), pages 153-181, November.
    6. Jesús Crespo Cuaresma & Petra Sauer & Samir K.C., 2013. "Age-specific Education Inequality, Education Mobility and Income Growth. WWWforEurope Working Paper No. 6," WIFO Studies, WIFO, number 46850, August.
    7. Mostafa Ghodousi & Abolghasem Sadeghi-Niaraki & Farzaneh Rabiee & Soo-Mi Choi, 2020. "Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Point Distribution Pattern of Schools Using Spatial Autocorrelation Indices in Bojnourd City," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-26, September.
    8. Thomas, Duncan & Strauss, John, 1997. "Health and wages: Evidence on men and women in urban Brazil," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 77(1), pages 159-185, March.
    9. Seungwoo Han, 2022. "Spatial stratification and socio-spatial inequalities: the case of Seoul and Busan in South Korea," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 9(1), pages 1-14, December.
    10. Bertocchi, Graziella & Dimico, Arcangelo, 2014. "Slavery, education, and inequality," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 197-209.
    11. Sushanta K. Mallick, 2014. "Disentangling the Poverty Effects of Sectoral Output, Prices, and Policies in India," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 60(4), pages 773-801, December.
    12. Nicola Branson & Julia Garlick & David Lam & Murray Leibbrandt, 2012. "Education and Inequality: The South African Case," SALDRU Working Papers 75, Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town.
    13. Nancy Birdsall, 2008. "Income Distribution: Effects on Growth and Development," Chapters, in: Amitava Krishna Dutt & Jaime Ros (ed.), International Handbook of Development Economics, Volumes 1 & 2, volume 0, chapter 48, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    14. Carlos Eduardo Vélez E., 1997. "Eficiencia, Equidad y Reestructuración Sectorial del Gasto Público Social," Borradores de Economia 2446, Banco de la Republica.
    15. Ricardo Fort, 2007. "Land inequality and economic growth: a dynamic panel data approach," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 37(2‐3), pages 159-165, September.
    16. Ines A. Ferreira & Rachel M. Gisselquist & Finn Tarp, 2021. "On the impact of inequality on growth, human development, and governance," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2021-34, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
    17. Nancy Birdsall, 2002. "A Stormy Day on an Open Field: Asymmetry and Convergence in the Global Economy," RBA Annual Conference Volume (Discontinued), in: David Gruen & Terry O'Brien & Jeremy Lawson (ed.),Globalisation, Living Standards and Inequality: Recent Progress and Continuing Challenges, Reserve Bank of Australia.
    18. François Bourguignon & Francisco de Hollanda Guimarães Ferreira, 2000. "Understanding inequality in Brazil: a conceptual overview," Textos para discussão 434, Department of Economics PUC-Rio (Brazil).
    19. repec:pru:wpaper:21 is not listed on IDEAS
    20. Gabriele Ballarino & Michela Braga & Massimiliano Bratti & Daniele Checchi & Antonio Filippin & Carlo V. Fiorio & Marco Leonardi & Elena Meschi & Francesco Scervini, 2013. "GINI Country Report: Growing Inequalities and their Impacts in Italy," GINI Country Reports italy, AIAS, Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labour Studies.
    21. Nancy Birdsall & Jere R. Behrman & Miguel Székely, 1998. "Movilidad de la enseñanza intergeneracional y condiciones macro y políticas de enseñanza en América Latina," Research Department Publications 4145, Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:17:p:10840-:d:902485. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.