IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v16y2019i5p865-d212453.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Finding the Optimal D/H Ratio for an Enclosed Urban Square: Testing an Urban Design Principle Using Immersive Virtual Reality Simulation Techniques

Author

Listed:
  • Jaecheol Kim

    (Department of Urban Planning, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea)

  • Seungnam Kim

    (Department of Urban Design and Studies, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea)

Abstract

Using immersive virtual reality (VR), this study examined the D/H ratio principle (where “D” means the depth or width of a public space and “H” means the height of its surrounding buildings.) that urban design theorists have suggested as an important design principle for public spaces. The authors built VR models of eight enclosed urban public squares with different D/H ratios ranging from 1/3 to 6/1. They then carried out an experiment in the form of a visual assessment survey using the VR models with 69 university students majoring in urban planning and compared the optimal D/H ratios from the experimental results with those proposed by urban design theorists. The statistical analysis of the experimental results revealed that the optimal D/H ratios for most qualities of public squares are larger than the optimal ratios claimed by theorists.

Suggested Citation

  • Jaecheol Kim & Seungnam Kim, 2019. "Finding the Optimal D/H Ratio for an Enclosed Urban Square: Testing an Urban Design Principle Using Immersive Virtual Reality Simulation Techniques," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-19, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:5:p:865-:d:212453
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/5/865/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/5/865/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Marlon G. Boarnet & Sharon Sarmiento, 1998. "Can Land-use Policy Really Affect Travel Behaviour? A Study of the Link between Non-work Travel and Land-use Characteristics," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 35(7), pages 1155-1169, June.
    2. Elmira Jamei & Michael Mortimer & Mehdi Seyedmahmoudian & Ben Horan & Alex Stojcevski, 2017. "Investigating the Role of Virtual Reality in Planning for Sustainable Smart Cities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(11), pages 1-16, November.
    3. Dafna Fisher-Gewirtzman, 2018. "Perception of density by pedestrians on urban paths: an experiment in virtual reality," Journal of Urban Design, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(5), pages 674-692, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Ahmed Khairadeen Ali & Hayub Song & One Jae Lee & Eun Seok Kim & Haneen Hashim Mohammed Ali, 2020. "Multi-Agent-Based Urban Vegetation Design," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-21, April.
    2. Ahmed Ehab & Tim Heath, 2023. "Exploring Immersive Co-Design: Comparing Human Interaction in Real and Virtual Elevated Urban Spaces in London," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-23, June.
    3. Shuai Jiang & Haoran Ma & Ling Yang & Shixian Luo, 2023. "The Influence of Perceived Physical and Aesthetic Quality of Rural Settlements on Tourists’ Preferences—A Case Study of Zhaoxing Dong Village," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-18, August.
    4. Haeryung Lee & Seung-Nam Kim, 2021. "Perceived Safety and Pedestrian Performance in Pedestrian Priority Streets (PPSs) in Seoul, Korea: A Virtual Reality Experiment and Trace Mapping," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-17, March.
    5. Jaewon Han & Sugie Lee, 2023. "Verification of Immersive Virtual Reality as a Streetscape Evaluation Method in Urban Residential Areas," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-16, January.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Kamruzzaman, Md. & Baker, Douglas & Washington, Simon & Turrell, Gavin, 2013. "Residential dissonance and mode choice," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 33(C), pages 12-28.
    2. Xiaoquan Wang & Chunfu Shao & Chaoying Yin & Chengxiang Zhuge & Wenjun Li, 2018. "Application of Bayesian Multilevel Models Using Small and Medium Size City in China: The Case of Changchun," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-15, February.
    3. Cynthia Chen & Hongmian Gong & Robert Paaswell, 2008. "Role of the built environment on mode choice decisions: additional evidence on the impact of density," Transportation, Springer, vol. 35(3), pages 285-299, May.
    4. Tim Schwanen & Patricia L Mokhtarian, 2004. "The Extent and Determinants of Dissonance between Actual and Preferred Residential Neighborhood Type," Environment and Planning B, , vol. 31(5), pages 759-784, October.
    5. Ahmed Ehab & Tim Heath, 2023. "Exploring Immersive Co-Design: Comparing Human Interaction in Real and Virtual Elevated Urban Spaces in London," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-23, June.
    6. Qing Su, 2017. "Travel Demand Management Policy Instruments, Urban Spatial Characteristics, and Household Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Travel in the US Urban Areas," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 7(3), pages 157-166.
    7. Joachim Scheiner & Christian Holz-Rau, 2007. "Travel mode choice: affected by objective or subjective determinants?," Transportation, Springer, vol. 34(4), pages 487-511, July.
    8. Haeryung Lee & Seung-Nam Kim, 2021. "Perceived Safety and Pedestrian Performance in Pedestrian Priority Streets (PPSs) in Seoul, Korea: A Virtual Reality Experiment and Trace Mapping," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-17, March.
    9. Md. Kamruzzaman & Simon Washington & Douglas Baker & Wendy Brown & Billie Giles-Corti & Gavin Turrell, 2016. "Built environment impacts on walking for transport in Brisbane, Australia," Transportation, Springer, vol. 43(1), pages 53-77, January.
    10. Xinyu Cao & Patricia L. Mokhtarian, 2012. "The connections among accessibility, self- selection and walking behaviour: a case study of Northern California residents," Chapters, in: Karst T. Geurs & Kevin J. Krizek & Aura Reggiani (ed.), Accessibility Analysis and Transport Planning, chapter 5, pages 73-95, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    11. Agnieszka Szczepańska & Rafał Kaźmierczak & Monika Myszkowska, 2021. "Virtual Reality as a Tool for Public Consultations in Spatial Planning and Management," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-19, September.
    12. Lee, Sungwon & Lee, Bumsoo, 2014. "The influence of urban form on GHG emissions in the U.S. household sector," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 534-549.
    13. Javier Asensio, 2002. "Transport Mode Choice by Commuters to Barcelona's CBD," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 39(10), pages 1881-1895, September.
    14. Pierre Filion, 2001. "Suburban Mixed-Use Centres and Urban Dispersion: What Difference do they Make?," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 33(1), pages 141-160, January.
    15. Bagley, Michael N, 1999. "Incorporating Residential Choice into Travel Behavior-Land Use Interaction Research: A Conceptual Model with Methodologies for Investigating Causal Relationships," University of California Transportation Center, Working Papers qt2ws1x83f, University of California Transportation Center.
    16. McDonald, Noreen C., 2005. "Children’s Travel: Patterns and Influences," University of California Transportation Center, Working Papers qt51c9m01c, University of California Transportation Center.
    17. Neatt, Kevin & Millward, Hugh & Spinney, Jamie, 2017. "Neighborhood walking densities: A multivariate analysis in Halifax, Canada," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 9-16.
    18. Van Acker, Veronique & Witlox, Frank, 2010. "Car ownership as a mediating variable in car travel behaviour research using a structural equation modelling approach to identify its dual relationship," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 18(1), pages 65-74.
    19. Marshall, Julian D. & McKone, Thomas E. & Deakin, Elizabeth & Nazaroff, William W., 2006. "Inhalation of motor vehicle emissions: effects of urban population and land area," University of California Transportation Center, Working Papers qt05c0f85r, University of California Transportation Center.
    20. Rachid Belaroussi & Margherita Pazzini & Israa Issa & Corinne Dionisio & Claudio Lantieri & Elena Díaz González & Valeria Vignali & Sonia Adelé, 2023. "Assessing the Future Streetscape of Rimini Harbor Docks with Virtual Reality," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-25, March.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:5:p:865-:d:212453. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.