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Cybersecurity of Smart Grids: Requirements, Threats, and Countermeasures

Author

Listed:
  • Edyta Karolina Szczepaniuk

    (Polish Air Force University, Dywizjonu 303 Street no. 35, 08-521 Dęblin, Poland)

  • Hubert Szczepaniuk

    (Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 166 St., 02-787 Warsaw, Poland)

Abstract

Cybersecurity is a key factor influencing the development of the smart grid paradigm. The integration of information and communication technologies into energy networks introduces new cybersecurity requirements, vulnerabilities, and threats. Typical countermeasures and security measures require optimization and customization for implementation in a distributed and heterogeneous smart grid environment. In this paper, we propose a holistic approach to smart grid cybersecurity by considering information security attributes at the level of requirements, threats, and countermeasures analysis. The results of the conducted review enabled us to develop a holistic cybersecurity framework for smart grids, while also analyzing the challenges and barriers related to security measures, as well as the possibilities for their mitigation.

Suggested Citation

  • Edyta Karolina Szczepaniuk & Hubert Szczepaniuk, 2025. "Cybersecurity of Smart Grids: Requirements, Threats, and Countermeasures," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-23, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:18:p:5017-:d:1754408
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Szczepaniuk, Edyta Karolina & Szczepaniuk, Hubert, 2022. "Analysis of cybersecurity competencies: Recommendations for telecommunications policy," Telecommunications Policy, Elsevier, vol. 46(3).
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    3. Ala’a Shamaseen & Mohammad Qatawneh & Basima Elshqeirat, 2025. "Smart Grid System Based on Blockchain Technology for Enhancing Trust and Preventing Counterfeiting Issues," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-24, July.
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    5. Joao C. Ferreira, 2025. "Bridging the Gaps: Future Directions for Blockchain and IoT Integration in Smart Grids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-6, February.
    6. Gregorio López & Pedro Moura & José Ignacio Moreno & José Manuel Camacho, 2014. "Multi-Faceted Assessment of a Wireless Communications Infrastructure for the Green Neighborhoods of the Smart Grid," Energies, MDPI, vol. 7(5), pages 1-31, May.
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