IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v15y2022i22p8692-d977686.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Survey of Cybersecurity Governance, Threats, and Countermeasures for the Power Grid

Author

Listed:
  • Matthew Boeding

    (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA)

  • Kelly Boswell

    (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA)

  • Michael Hempel

    (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA)

  • Hamid Sharif

    (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA)

  • Juan Lopez

    (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA)

  • Kalyan Perumalla

    (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA)

Abstract

The convergence of Information Technologies and Operational Technology systems in industrial networks presents many challenges related to availability, integrity, and confidentiality. In this paper, we evaluate the various cybersecurity risks in industrial control systems and how they may affect these areas of concern, with a particular focus on energy-sector Operational Technology systems. There are multiple threats and countermeasures that Operational Technology and Information Technology systems share. Since Information Technology cybersecurity is a relatively mature field, this paper emphasizes on threats with particular applicability to Operational Technology and their respective countermeasures. We identify regulations, standards, frameworks and typical system architectures associated with this domain. We review relevant challenges, threats, and countermeasures, as well as critical differences in priorities between Information and Operational Technology cybersecurity efforts and implications. These results are then examined against the recommended National Institute of Standards and Technology framework for gap analysis to provide a complete approach to energy sector cybersecurity. We provide analysis of countermeasure implementation to align with the continuous functions recommended for a sound cybersecurity framework.

Suggested Citation

  • Matthew Boeding & Kelly Boswell & Michael Hempel & Hamid Sharif & Juan Lopez & Kalyan Perumalla, 2022. "Survey of Cybersecurity Governance, Threats, and Countermeasures for the Power Grid," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(22), pages 1-22, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:22:p:8692-:d:977686
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/22/8692/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/22/8692/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Kyung Choi & Xinyi Chen & Shi Li & Mihui Kim & Kijoon Chae & JungChan Na, 2012. "Intrusion Detection of NSM Based DoS Attacks Using Data Mining in Smart Grid," Energies, MDPI, vol. 5(10), pages 1-19, October.
    2. Shahid Tufail & Imtiaz Parvez & Shanzeh Batool & Arif Sarwat, 2021. "A Survey on Cybersecurity Challenges, Detection, and Mitigation Techniques for the Smart Grid," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-22, September.
    3. Saad, Ahmed A. & Faddel, Samy & Mohammed, Osama, 2019. "A secured distributed control system for future interconnected smart grids," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 243(C), pages 57-70.
    4. Zhao, Hongshan & Liu, Huihai & Hu, Wenjing & Yan, Xihui, 2018. "Anomaly detection and fault analysis of wind turbine components based on deep learning network," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 825-834.
    5. Villar-Rodriguez, Esther & Del Ser, Javier & Oregi, Izaskun & Bilbao, Miren Nekane & Gil-Lopez, Sergio, 2017. "Detection of non-technical losses in smart meter data based on load curve profiling and time series analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 118-128.
    6. Skodvin, Tora, 2010. ""Pivotal politics" in US energy and climate legislation," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(8), pages 4214-4223, August.
    7. Mohamad El Hariri & Eric Harmon & Tarek Youssef & Mahmoud Saleh & Hany Habib & Osama Mohammed, 2019. "The IEC 61850 Sampled Measured Values Protocol: Analysis, Threat Identification, and Feasibility of Using NN Forecasters to Detect Spoofed Packets," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-24, September.
    8. Razavi, Rouzbeh & Gharipour, Amin & Fleury, Martin & Akpan, Ikpe Justice, 2019. "A practical feature-engineering framework for electricity theft detection in smart grids," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(C), pages 481-494.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Wadim Strielkowski & Andrey Vlasov & Kirill Selivanov & Konstantin Muraviev & Vadim Shakhnov, 2023. "Prospects and Challenges of the Machine Learning and Data-Driven Methods for the Predictive Analysis of Power Systems: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-31, May.
    2. Boeding, Matthew & Hempel, Michael & Sharif, Hamid & Lopez, Juan & Perumalla, Kalyan, 2023. "A flexible OT testbed for evaluating on-device implementations of IEC-61850 GOOSE," International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, Elsevier, vol. 42(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Savian, Fernando de Souza & Siluk, Julio Cezar Mairesse & Garlet, Taís Bisognin & do Nascimento, Felipe Moraes & Pinheiro, José Renes & Vale, Zita, 2021. "Non-technical losses: A systematic contemporary article review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 147(C).
    2. Tabar, Vahid Sohrabi & Ghassemzadeh, Saeid & Tohidi, Sajjad, 2021. "Increasing resiliency against information vulnerability of renewable resources in the operation of smart multi-area microgrid," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C).
    3. Ines Ortega-Fernandez & Francesco Liberati, 2023. "A Review of Denial of Service Attack and Mitigation in the Smart Grid Using Reinforcement Learning," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-15, January.
    4. Mingzhu Tang & Wei Chen & Qi Zhao & Huawei Wu & Wen Long & Bin Huang & Lida Liao & Kang Zhang, 2019. "Development of an SVR Model for the Fault Diagnosis of Large-Scale Doubly-Fed Wind Turbines Using SCADA Data," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(17), pages 1-15, September.
    5. Feng, Chenlong & Liu, Chao & Jiang, Dongxiang, 2023. "Unsupervised anomaly detection using graph neural networks integrated with physical-statistical feature fusion and local-global learning," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 309-323.
    6. Zhang, Chen & Yang, Tao, 2021. "Optimal maintenance planning and resource allocation for wind farms based on non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-ΙΙ," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 1540-1549.
    7. Zahoor Ali Khan & Muhammad Adil & Nadeem Javaid & Malik Najmus Saqib & Muhammad Shafiq & Jin-Ghoo Choi, 2020. "Electricity Theft Detection Using Supervised Learning Techniques on Smart Meter Data," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-25, September.
    8. Xu, Qifa & Fan, Zhenhua & Jia, Weiyin & Jiang, Cuixia, 2020. "Fault detection of wind turbines via multivariate process monitoring based on vine copulas," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 939-955.
    9. Chen, Chunyu & Cui, Mingjian & Fang, Xin & Ren, Bixing & Chen, Yang, 2020. "Load altering attack-tolerant defense strategy for load frequency control system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).
    10. Meng Li & Shuangxin Wang, 2019. "Dynamic Fault Monitoring of Pitch System in Wind Turbines using Selective Ensemble Small-World Neural Networks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(17), pages 1-20, August.
    11. Jastrzebska, Agnieszka & Morales Hernández, Alejandro & Nápoles, Gonzalo & Salgueiro, Yamisleydi & Vanhoof, Koen, 2022. "Measuring wind turbine health using fuzzy-concept-based drifting models," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 730-740.
    12. Jorge Maldonado-Correa & Sergio Martín-Martínez & Estefanía Artigao & Emilio Gómez-Lázaro, 2020. "Using SCADA Data for Wind Turbine Condition Monitoring: A Systematic Literature Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-21, June.
    13. Chen, Hansi & Liu, Hang & Chu, Xuening & Liu, Qingxiu & Xue, Deyi, 2021. "Anomaly detection and critical SCADA parameters identification for wind turbines based on LSTM-AE neural network," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 829-840.
    14. Wojciech Szczepanik & Marcin Niemiec, 2022. "Heuristic Intrusion Detection Based on Traffic Flow Statistical Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-19, May.
    15. Zhang, Chen & Gao, Wei & Yang, Tao & Guo, Sheng, 2019. "Opportunistic maintenance strategy for wind turbines considering weather conditions and spare parts inventory management," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 703-711.
    16. Konstantina Fotiadou & Terpsichori Helen Velivassaki & Artemis Voulkidis & Dimitrios Skias & Corrado De Santis & Theodore Zahariadis, 2020. "Proactive Critical Energy Infrastructure Protection via Deep Feature Learning," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-19, May.
    17. Kouadri, Abdelmalek & Hajji, Mansour & Harkat, Mohamed-Faouzi & Abodayeh, Kamaleldin & Mansouri, Majdi & Nounou, Hazem & Nounou, Mohamed, 2020. "Hidden Markov model based principal component analysis for intelligent fault diagnosis of wind energy converter systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 598-606.
    18. Maciej Sawka & Marcin Niemiec, 2022. "A Sponge-Based Key Expansion Scheme for Modern Block Ciphers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-18, September.
    19. Jianlei Gao & Senchun Chai & Baihai Zhang & Yuanqing Xia, 2019. "Research on Network Intrusion Detection Based on Incremental Extreme Learning Machine and Adaptive Principal Component Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-17, March.
    20. Rami Al-Hajj & Ali Assi & Bilel Neji & Raymond Ghandour & Zaher Al Barakeh, 2023. "Transfer Learning for Renewable Energy Systems: A Survey," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-28, June.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:22:p:8692-:d:977686. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.