IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v18y2025i10p2431-d1652272.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Operational Analysis of Power Generation from a Photovoltaic–Wind Mix and Low-Emission Hydrogen Production

Author

Listed:
  • Arkadiusz Małek

    (Department of Transportation and Informatics, WSEI University, Projektowa 4, 20-209 Lublin, Poland)

  • Andrzej Marciniak

    (Department of Transportation and Informatics, WSEI University, Projektowa 4, 20-209 Lublin, Poland)

Abstract

Low-emission hydrogen generation systems require large amounts of energy from renewable energy sources. This article characterizes the production of low-emission hydrogen, emphasizing its scale and the necessity for its continuity. For hydrogen production defined in this way, it is possible to select the appropriate renewable energy sources. The research part of the article presents a case study of the continuous production of large amounts of hydrogen. Daily production capacities correspond to the demand for the production of industrial chemicals and artificial fertilizers or for fueling a fleet of hydrogen buses. The production was placed in the Lublin region in Poland, where there is a large demand for low-emission hydrogen and where there are favorable conditions for the production of energy from a photovoltaic–wind mix. Statistical and probabilistic analyses were performed related to the generation of power by a photovoltaic system with a peak power of 3.45 MWp and a wind turbine with an identical maximum power. The conducted research confirmed the complementarity and substitutability relationship between one source and another within the energy mix. Then, unsupervised clustering was applied using the k-Means algorithm to divide the state space generated in the power mix. The clustering results were used to perform an operational analysis of the low-emission hydrogen generation system from a renewable energy sources mix. In the analyzed month of April, 25% of the energy generated in the photovoltaic–wind mix came from the photovoltaic system. The low-emission hydrogen generation process was in states (clusters), ensuring that the operation of the electrolyzer with nominal power amounted to 57% of the total operating time in that month. In May, the share of photovoltaics in the generated power was 45%. The low-emission hydrogen generation process was in states, ensuring that the operation of the electrolyzer with nominal power amounted to 43% of the total time in that month. In the remaining states of the hydrogen generation process, the power must be drawn from the energy storage system. The cluster analysis also showed the functioning of the operating states of the power generation process from the mix, which ensures the charging of the energy storage. The conducted research and analyses can be employed in planning and implementing effective climate and energy transformations in large companies using low-emission hydrogen.

Suggested Citation

  • Arkadiusz Małek & Andrzej Marciniak, 2025. "Operational Analysis of Power Generation from a Photovoltaic–Wind Mix and Low-Emission Hydrogen Production," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-25, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:10:p:2431-:d:1652272
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/10/2431/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/10/2431/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Xinyuan Hou & Kyriakoula Papachristopoulou & Yves-Marie Saint-Drenan & Stelios Kazadzis, 2022. "Solar Radiation Nowcasting Using a Markov Chain Multi-Model Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-24, April.
    2. Andrea Dumančić & Nela Vlahinić & Minea Skok, 2024. "Replacing Gray Hydrogen with Renewable Hydrogen at the Consumption Location Using the Example of the Existing Fertilizer Plant," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-33, July.
    3. Brian Loza & Luis I. Minchala & Danny Ochoa-Correa & Sergio Martinez, 2024. "Grid-Friendly Integration of Wind Energy: A Review of Power Forecasting and Frequency Control Techniques," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(21), pages 1-22, November.
    4. Hamed Rafiee & Milad Aminizadeh & Elham Mehrparvar Hosseini & Hanane Aghasafari & Ali Mohammadi, 2022. "A Cluster Analysis on the Energy Use Indicators and Carbon Footprint of Irrigated Wheat Cropping Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-19, March.
    5. Marcela Taušová & Maksym Mykhei & Katarína Čulkova & Peter Tauš & Dávid Petráš & Pavol Kaňuch, 2025. "Development of the Implementation of Renewable Sources in EU Countries in Heating and Cooling, Transport, and Electricity," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-18, January.
    6. Hani Muhsen & Farah Hamida & Rashed Tarawneh, 2025. "The Potential of Green Hydrogen and Power-to-X to Decarbonize the Fertilizer Industry in Jordan," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-22, March.
    7. Guanying Chen & Zhenming Ji, 2024. "A Review of Solar and Wind Energy Resource Projection Based on the Earth System Model," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-19, April.
    8. Guglielmo D’Amico & Alex Karagrigoriou & Veronica Vigna, 2024. "Forecasting the Power Generation Mix in Italy Based on Grey Markov Models," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-16, May.
    9. Leiming Wang & Wei Liu & Haipeng Sun & Li Yang & Liang Huang, 2024. "Advancements and Policy Implications of Green Hydrogen Production from Renewable Sources," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(14), pages 1-14, July.
    10. Oscar A. Bustos-Brinez & Javier Rosero Garcia, 2025. "Clustering Analysis for Active and Reactive Energy Consumption Data Based on AMI Measurements," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(1), pages 1-22, January.
    11. Riho Meister & Wahiba Yaïci & Reza Moezzi & Mohammad Gheibi & Külli Hovi & Andres Annuk, 2025. "Evaluating the Balancing Properties of Wind and Solar Photovoltaic System Production," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-16, April.
    12. Ezio Lauro & Amélie Têtu & Hélyette Geman, 2024. "Green Ammonia Production in Stochastic Power Markets," Commodities, MDPI, vol. 3(1), pages 1-17, March.
    13. Julián Gómez & Rui Castro, 2024. "Green Hydrogen Energy Systems: A Review on Their Contribution to a Renewable Energy System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-41, June.
    14. Qusay Hassan & Itimad D. J. Azzawi & Aws Zuhair Sameen & Hayder M. Salman, 2023. "Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles: Opportunities and Challenges," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-26, July.
    15. Xufeng Zhang & Wenjuan Jin & Liyu Du, 2025. "Analysis of the Fertilizer and Energy Utilization Potential of Livestock and Poultry Manure Resources—A Case Study Concerning Liaoning Province, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-20, March.
    16. Arkadiusz Małek & Andrzej Marciniak & Tomasz Bednarczyk, 2024. "Probabilistic Analysis of Electricity Production from a Photovoltaic–Wind Energy Mix for Sustainable Transport Needs," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(23), pages 1-23, November.
    17. Alessandro Franco & Caterina Giovannini, 2023. "Recent and Future Advances in Water Electrolysis for Green Hydrogen Generation: Critical Analysis and Perspectives," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-24, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Andrzej Marciniak & Arkadiusz Małek, 2025. "Determining Energy Production and Consumption Signatures Using Unsupervised Clustering," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-29, May.
    2. Ruggero Angelico & Ferruccio Giametta & Biagio Bianchi & Pasquale Catalano, 2025. "Green Hydrogen for Energy Transition: A Critical Perspective," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-47, January.
    3. Christopher Selvam, D. & Devarajan, Yuvarajan & Raja, T. & Vickram, Sundaram, 2025. "Advancements in water electrolysis technologies and enhanced storage solutions for green hydrogen using renewable energy sources," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 390(C).
    4. Fan Li & Dong Liu & Ke Sun & Songheng Yang & Fangzheng Peng & Kexin Zhang & Guodong Guo & Yuan Si, 2024. "Towards a Future Hydrogen Supply Chain: A Review of Technologies and Challenges," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-36, February.
    5. Jiyoung Park & Chansung Kim, 2025. "Current Challenges to Achieving Mass-Market Hydrogen Mobility from the Perspective of Early Adopters in South Korea," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-21, March.
    6. Krystof Foniok & Lubomira Drozdova & Lukas Prokop & Filip Krupa & Pavel Kedron & Vojtech Blazek, 2025. "Mechanisms and Modelling of Effects on the Degradation Processes of a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell: A Comprehensive Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-64, April.
    7. Seyedeh Azadeh Alavi-Borazjani & Shahzada Adeel & Valentina Chkoniya, 2025. "Hydrogen as a Sustainable Fuel: Transforming Maritime Logistics," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-36, March.
    8. Bachirou Djibo Boubé & Ramchandra Bhandari & Moussa Mounkaila Saley & Abdou Latif Bonkaney & Rabani Adamou, 2025. "Techno-Economic Analysis of Geospatial Green Hydrogen Potential Using Solar Photovoltaic in Niger: Application of PEM and Alkaline Water Electrolyzers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-23, April.
    9. Arkadiusz Małek & Agnieszka Dudziak & Andrzej Marciniak & Tomasz Słowik, 2025. "Designing a Photovoltaic–Wind Energy Mix with Energy Storage for Low-Emission Hydrogen Production," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-23, February.
    10. Xu, Hao & Chen, Feng & Cheng, Jinping & Bai, Yucai & Zhao, Shuqing & Wu, Yiheng & Lu, Yin, 2025. "Hydrogen powered heavy-duty trucks may contribute CO2 emission increase instead of reduction under current hydrogen production structure in China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 315(C).
    11. Navinkumar, T.M. & Bharatiraja, C., 2025. "Sustainable hydrogen energy fuel cell electric vehicles: A critical review of system components and innovative development recommendations," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 215(C).
    12. Alina Yakymchuk & Simone Maxand & Anna Lewandowska, 2025. "Economic Analysis of Global CO 2 Emissions and Energy Consumption Based on the World Kaya Identity," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-22, March.
    13. Mingyue Hu & Xiao Wu & Yue Yuan & Chuanbo Xu, 2024. "Competitive Analysis of Heavy Trucks with Five Types of Fuels under Different Scenarios—A Case Study of China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-21, August.
    14. Patrizia Ghisellini & Renato Passaro & Sergio Ulgiati, 2025. "Is Green Hydrogen an Environmentally and Socially Sound Solution for Decarbonizing Energy Systems Within a Circular Economy Transition?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-55, May.
    15. Yunji Kim & Heena Yang, 2025. "Hydrogen Purity: Influence of Production Methods, Purification Techniques, and Analytical Approaches," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-22, February.
    16. Ahmed Eltweri & Wa’el Al-karaki & Yuan Zhai & Khadijah Abdullah & Alessio Faccia, 2024. "UK Hydrogen Roadmap: Financial and Strategic Insights into Oil and Gas Industry’s Transition," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(1), pages 1-31, December.
    17. Dominika Siwiec & Wiesław Frącz & Andrzej Pacana & Grzegorz Janowski & Łukasz Bąk, 2024. "Analysis of the Ecological Footprint from the Extraction and Processing of Materials in the LCA Phase of Lithium-Ion Batteries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-19, June.
    18. Carlo, Mr. Antonio & Breda, Dr. Paola, 2024. "Impact of space systems capabilities and their role as critical infrastructure," International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, Elsevier, vol. 45(C).
    19. Ana-Maria Chirosca & Eugen Rusu & Viorel Minzu, 2024. "Green Hydrogen—Production and Storage Methods: Current Status and Future Directions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-27, November.
    20. Bošković, Sara & Švadlenka, Libor & Jovčić, Stefan & Simic, Vladimir & Dobrodolac, Momčilo & Elomiya, Akram, 2024. "Sustainable propulsion technology selection in penultimate mile delivery using the FullEX-AROMAN method," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:10:p:2431-:d:1652272. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.