IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jagris/v15y2025i6p608-d1610988.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The Potential of Green Hydrogen and Power-to-X to Decarbonize the Fertilizer Industry in Jordan

Author

Listed:
  • Hani Muhsen

    (Mechatronics Engineering Department, German Jordanian University, Madaba Street, Amman 11180, Jordan
    Hydrogen and Green Energy Hub, German Jordanian University, Madaba Street, Amman 11180, Jordan)

  • Farah Hamida

    (Hydrogen and Green Energy Hub, German Jordanian University, Madaba Street, Amman 11180, Jordan)

  • Rashed Tarawneh

    (Hydrogen and Green Energy Hub, German Jordanian University, Madaba Street, Amman 11180, Jordan)

Abstract

Considering economic and environmental aspects, this study explored the potential of replacing urea imports in Jordan with local production utilizing green hydrogen, considering agricultural land distribution, fertilizer need, and hydrogen demand. The analysis estimated the 2023 urea imports at approximately 13,991.37 tons and evaluated the corresponding costs under various market scenarios. The cost of urea imports was projected to range between USD 6.30 million and USD 8.39 million; domestic production using green hydrogen would cost significantly more, ranging from USD 30.37 million to USD 70.85 million. Despite the economic challenges, transitioning to green hydrogen would achieve a 100% reduction in CO 2 emissions, eliminating 48,739.87 tons of CO 2 annually. Considering the Jordanian case, an SWOT analysis was conducted to highlight the potential transition strengths, such as environmental benefits and energy independence, alongside weaknesses, such as high initial costs and infrastructure gaps. A competitive analysis was conducted to determine the competition of green hydrogen-based ammonia compared to conventional methods. Further, the analysis identified opportunities, advancements in green hydrogen technology, and potential policy support. Threats were assessed considering global competition and market dynamics.

Suggested Citation

  • Hani Muhsen & Farah Hamida & Rashed Tarawneh, 2025. "The Potential of Green Hydrogen and Power-to-X to Decarbonize the Fertilizer Industry in Jordan," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-22, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:15:y:2025:i:6:p:608-:d:1610988
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/6/608/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/6/608/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Hani Muhsen & Mohammed Al-Mahmodi & Rashed Tarawneh & Asma Alkhraibat & Ala’aldeen Al-Halhouli, 2023. "The Potential of Green Hydrogen and Power-to-X Utilization in Jordanian Industries: Opportunities and Future Prospects," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(1), pages 1-21, December.
    2. Khatiwada, Dilip & Vasudevan, Rohan Adithya & Santos, Bruno Henrique, 2022. "Decarbonization of natural gas systems in the EU – Costs, barriers, and constraints of hydrogen production with a case study in Portugal," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    3. Wen, Shenglin & Cui, Ningbo & Gong, Daozhi & Xing, Liwen & Wu, Zongjun & Zhang, Yixuan & Wang, Zhihui & Wang, Jiaxin, 2023. "Optimizing nitrogen fertilizer application for achieving high yield with low environmental risks in apple orchard," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 289(C).
    4. Moradpoor, Iraj & Syri, Sanna & Santasalo-Aarnio, Annukka, 2023. "Green hydrogen production for oil refining – Finnish case," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 175(C).
    5. Badakhsh, Arash & Mothilal Bhagavathy, Sivapriya, 2024. "Caveats of green hydrogen for decarbonisation of heating in buildings," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 353(PB).
    6. Ikenna J. Okeke & Dipti Kamath & Sachin U. Nimbalkar & Joe Cresko, 2024. "The Role of Low-Carbon Fuels and Carbon Capture in Decarbonizing the U.S. Clinker Manufacturing for Cement Production: CO 2 Emissions Reduction Potentials," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(20), pages 1-22, October.
    7. Krzysztof Rutkowski & Grzegorz P. Łysiak & Zofia Zydlik, 2022. "Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization in the Sour Cherry Orchard on Soil Enzymatic Activities, Microbial Population, and Fruit Quality," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-22, December.
    8. Florian Ahrens & Johann Land & Susan Krumdieck, 2022. "Decarbonization of Nitrogen Fertilizer: A Transition Engineering Desk Study for Agriculture in Germany," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-24, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Arkadiusz Małek & Andrzej Marciniak, 2025. "Operational Analysis of Power Generation from a Photovoltaic–Wind Mix and Low-Emission Hydrogen Production," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-25, May.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Iwona Szot & Grzegorz P. Łysiak, 2025. "Factors Influencing the Formation, Development of Buds, and Flowering of Temperate Fruit Trees," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-27, June.
    2. Joanna Lemanowicz & Bożena Dębska & Robert Lamparski & Agata Michalska & Jarosław Pobereżny & Elżbieta Wszelaczyńska & Agata Bartkowiak & Małgorzata Szczepanek & Magdalena Banach-Szott & Tomasz Knapow, 2023. "Influence of Plant Growth Retardants and Nitrogen Doses on the Content of Plant Secondary Metabolites in Wheat, the Presence of Pests, and Soil Quality Parameters," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-22, May.
    3. Wen, Shenglin & Cui, Ningbo & Wang, Yaosheng & Gong, Daozhi & Xing, Liwen & Wu, Zongjun & Zhang, Yixuan & Wang, Zhihui, 2024. "Determining effect of fertilization on reactive nitrogen losses through nitrate leaching and key influencing factors in Chinese agricultural systems," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 303(C).
    4. Bożena Gajdzik & Radosław Wolniak & Wiesław Grebski, 2025. "An Econometric Analysis of CO 2 Emission Intensity in Poland’s Blast Furnace–Basic Oxygen Furnace Steelmaking Process," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-30, April.
    5. Román-Collado, Rocío & Casado Ruíz, Virginia, 2024. "Key effects contributing to changes in energy imports in the EU-27 between 2000 and 2020: A decomposition analysis based on the Sankey diagram," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
    6. Ajanovic, Amela & Sayer, Marlene & Haas, Reinhard, 2024. "On the future relevance of green hydrogen in Europe," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 358(C).
    7. Krzysztof Rutkowski & Grzegorz P. Łysiak, 2023. "Influence of Mulching on Replantation Disease in Sour Cherry Orchard," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-30, August.
    8. Norman Hendrik Riedel & Miroslav Špaček, 2022. "Challenges of Renewable Energy Sourcing in the Process Industries: The Example of the German Chemical Industry," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-19, October.
    9. Mohammadi, Amir & Babaei, Reza & Jianu, Ofelia A., 2023. "Feasibility analysis of sustainable hydrogen production for heavy-duty applications: Case study of highway 401," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(C).
    10. Grzegorz P. Łysiak & Iwona Szot, 2023. "The Use of Temperature Based Indices for Estimation of Fruit Production Conditions and Risks in Temperate Climates," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-24, April.
    11. Wenwen Yu & Jin Yu & Xiaonan Chen, 2025. "Research on the Mechanism of the Influence of Farm Scale on the Environmental Efficiency of Apple Production—Tests Based on a Life Cycle Assessment Perspective," Land, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-21, March.
    12. Krzysztof Rutkowski & Grzegorz P. Łysiak, 2023. "Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on Tree Growth and Nutrient Content in Soil and Cherry Leaves ( Prunus cerasus L.)," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-23, February.
    13. Liu, Xinyao & Bierkens, Floris & De Mel, Ishanki & Leach, Matthew & Short, Michael & Chitnis, Mona & Zheng, Boyue & Liu, Lirong, 2024. "Tackling fuel poverty and decarbonisation in a distributed heating system through a three-layer whole system approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 362(C).
    14. Marrasso, E. & Martone, C. & Pallotta, G. & Roselli, C. & Sasso, M., 2024. "Assessment of energy systems configurations in mixed-use Positive Energy Districts through novel indicators for energy and environmental analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 368(C).
    15. Andrea Dumančić & Nela Vlahinić & Minea Skok, 2024. "Replacing Gray Hydrogen with Renewable Hydrogen at the Consumption Location Using the Example of the Existing Fertilizer Plant," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-33, July.
    16. Xiang, Pianpian & Jiang, Kejun & Wang, Jiachen & He, Chenmin & Chen, Sha & Jiang, Weiyi, 2024. "Evaluation of LCOH of conventional technology, energy storage coupled solar PV electrolysis, and HTGR in China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 353(PA).
    17. Agrell, Per J. & Dehaybe, Henri & Rodriguez, Manuel Herrera, 2025. "Balancing supply security and decarbonization: Optimizing Germany’s LNG port infrastructure under the European Green Deal," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 198(C).
    18. Bożena Gajdzik & Magdalena Jaciow & Radosław Wolniak & Robert Wolny & Wieslaw Wes Grebski, 2023. "Assessment of Energy and Heat Consumption Trends and Forecasting in the Small Consumer Sector in Poland Based on Historical Data," Resources, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-33, September.
    19. Isabella Ghiglieno & Anna Simonetto & Luca Facciano & Marco Tonni & Pierluigi Donna & Leonardo Valenti & Gianni Gilioli, 2023. "Comparing the Carbon Footprint of Conventional and Organic Vineyards in Northern Italy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-14, March.
    20. Osama A. Marzouk, 2024. "Expectations for the Role of Hydrogen and Its Derivatives in Different Sectors through Analysis of the Four Energy Scenarios: IEA-STEPS, IEA-NZE, IRENA-PES, and IRENA-1.5°C," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-34, January.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:15:y:2025:i:6:p:608-:d:1610988. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.