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Techno-Economic Assessment of Green Hydrogen Production by an Off-Grid Photovoltaic Energy System

Author

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  • Qusay Hassan

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Diyala, Diyala 32001, Iraq
    Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland)

  • Imad Saeed Abdulrahman

    (College of Technical Engineering, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad 10005, Iraq)

  • Hayder M. Salman

    (Department of Computer Science, Al-Turath University College, Baghdad 10070, Iraq)

  • Olushola Tomilayo Olapade

    (Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland)

  • Marek Jaszczur

    (Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland)

Abstract

Green hydrogen production is essential to meeting the conference of the parties’ (COP) decarbonization goals; however, this method of producing hydrogen is not as cost-effective as hydrogen production from fossil fuels. This study analyses an off-grid photovoltaic energy system designed to feed a proton-exchange membrane water electrolyzer for hydrogen production to evaluate the optimal electrolyzer size. The system has been analyzed in Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, using experimental meteorological data. The 12 kW p photovoltaic array is positioned at the optimal annual tilt angle for the selected site. The temperature effect on photovoltaic modules is taken into consideration. Several electrolyzers with capacities in the range of 2–14 kW were investigated to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of the system. The simulation process was conducted using MATLAB and considering the project life span from 2021 to 2035. The results indicate that various potentially cost-competitive alternatives exist for systems with market combinations resembling renewable hydrogen wholesale. It has been found that the annual energy generated by the analyzed photovoltaic system is 18,892 kWh at 4313 operating hours, and the obtained hydrogen production cost ranges from USD 5.39/kg to USD 3.23/kg. The optimal electrolyzer capacity matches a 12 kW p PV system equal to 8 kW, producing 37.5 kg/year/kW p of hydrogen for USD 3.23/kg.

Suggested Citation

  • Qusay Hassan & Imad Saeed Abdulrahman & Hayder M. Salman & Olushola Tomilayo Olapade & Marek Jaszczur, 2023. "Techno-Economic Assessment of Green Hydrogen Production by an Off-Grid Photovoltaic Energy System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-20, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:2:p:744-:d:1029275
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Jaszczur, Marek & Hassan, Qusay & Palej, Patryk & Abdulateef, Jasim, 2020. "Multi-Objective optimisation of a micro-grid hybrid power system for household application," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 202(C).
    2. Qusay Hassan & Bartosz Pawela & Ali Hasan & Marek Jaszczur, 2022. "Optimization of Large-Scale Battery Storage Capacity in Conjunction with Photovoltaic Systems for Maximum Self-Sustainability," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-21, May.
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    6. Jaszczur, Marek & Hassan, Qusay & Abdulateef, Ammar M. & Abdulateef, Jasim, 2021. "Assessing the temporal load resolution effect on the photovoltaic energy flows and self-consumption," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 1077-1090.
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    2. Marcelo León & Javier Silva & Rodrigo Ortíz-Soto & Samuel Carrasco, 2023. "A Techno-Economic Study for Off-Grid Green Hydrogen Production Plants: The Case of Chile," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-18, July.
    3. Andrea Dumančić & Nela Vlahinić Lenz & Lahorko Wagmann, 2024. "Profitability Model of Green Hydrogen Production on an Existing Wind Power Plant Location," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-23, February.
    4. Al-Mahmodi, Mohammed & Ayadi, Osama & Al-Halhouli, Ala'aldeen, 2024. "Parametric modeling of green hydrogen production in solar PV-CSP hybrid plants: A techno-economic evaluation approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 313(C).
    5. Kourougianni, Fanourios & Arsalis, Alexandros & Olympios, Andreas V. & Yiasoumas, Georgios & Konstantinou, Charalampos & Papanastasiou, Panos & Georghiou, George E., 2024. "A comprehensive review of green hydrogen energy systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 231(C).
    6. Torsten Clemens & Andreas Lunzer & Martin Hunyadi-Gall & Pablo Gil, 2025. "Agrivoltaics, Opportunities for Hydrogen Generation, and Market Developments," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-26, February.
    7. Ahmed I. Osman & Mahmoud Nasr & A. R. Mohamed & Amal Abdelhaleem & Ali Ayati & Mohamed Farghali & Ala'a H. Al‐Muhtaseb & Ahmed S. Al‐Fatesh & David W. Rooney, 2024. "Life cycle assessment of hydrogen production, storage, and utilization toward sustainability," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 13(3), May.
    8. Bangxi Li & Yuan Lu & Chenchen Bao & Jingjing Wan, 2025. "Dialectical Discussion of Regional Innovation, Population Agglomeration, and Economic Growth," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 16(1), pages 268-289, March.
    9. Torsten Clemens & Martin Hunyadi-Gall & Andreas Lunzer & Vladislav Arekhov & Martin Datler & Albert Gauer, 2024. "Wind–Photovoltaic–Electrolyzer-Underground Hydrogen Storage System for Cost-Effective Seasonal Energy Storage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(22), pages 1-26, November.
    10. Marek Jaszczur & Qusay Hassan & Aws Zuhair Sameen & Hayder M. Salman & Olushola Tomilayo Olapade & Szymon Wieteska, 2023. "Massive Green Hydrogen Production Using Solar and Wind Energy: Comparison between Europe and the Middle East," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-26, July.
    11. Julián Gómez & Rui Castro, 2024. "Green Hydrogen Energy Systems: A Review on Their Contribution to a Renewable Energy System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-41, June.
    12. Khalifeh Soltani, Sayed Rashid & Mostafaeipour, Ali & Mishra, Phoolendra & Alidoost, Sara & Jahangiri, Mehdi & Abrisham Kar, Mohammad, 2025. "Green hydrogen production and prediction using floating photovoltaic panels on wastewater ponds," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
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