IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v15y2022i17p6459-d906509.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

An Octopus Charger-Based Smart Protocol for Battery Electric Vehicle Charging at a Workplace Parking Structure

Author

Listed:
  • Edgar Ramos Muñoz

    (Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3550, USA)

  • Faryar Jabbari

    (Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3550, USA)

Abstract

The transportation sector produces a large portion of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States. Meeting ambitious reductions in greenhouse gasses requires large-scale adoption of battery electric vehicles and has led to several policies and laws aimed at incentivizing their sales. While electric vehicles comprise a small percentage of the overall fleets of vehicles, the expected production of electric vehicles is soon expected to be in the millions. This will create challenges in providing an adequate charging infrastructure, as well as the ensuing management of the overall electricity demand at the grid level. In this work, a novel smart-charging protocol for battery electric vehicle charging at workplace parking structures is proposed. The Octopus Charger-based Mixed Integer Linear Programming protocol allows octopus chargers (i.e., charging stations with multiple cables) to independently schedule charging periods for their assigned vehicles. The proposed protocols can manage a parking structure demand load while reducing the number of installed charging stations. Driving patterns from the National Household Travel Survey were used to perform simulations, to verify and quantify the effectiveness of the proposed protocol. The proposed protocol resulted in improved peak load reductions for all simulated smart-charging scenarios when compared with uncontrolled charging. Critically, the assignment algorithm resulted in a number of required chargers close to the theoretical minimum.

Suggested Citation

  • Edgar Ramos Muñoz & Faryar Jabbari, 2022. "An Octopus Charger-Based Smart Protocol for Battery Electric Vehicle Charging at a Workplace Parking Structure," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-25, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:17:p:6459-:d:906509
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/17/6459/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/17/6459/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ramos Muñoz, Edgar & Razeghi, Ghazal & Zhang, Li & Jabbari, Faryar, 2016. "Electric vehicle charging algorithms for coordination of the grid and distribution transformer levels," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 930-942.
    2. Egbue, Ona & Long, Suzanna, 2012. "Barriers to widespread adoption of electric vehicles: An analysis of consumer attitudes and perceptions," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 717-729.
    3. Shanjun Li & Lang Tong & Jianwei Xing & Yiyi Zhou, 2017. "The Market for Electric Vehicles: Indirect Network Effects and Policy Design," Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, University of Chicago Press, vol. 4(1), pages 89-133.
    4. Bonges, Henry A. & Lusk, Anne C., 2016. "Addressing electric vehicle (EV) sales and range anxiety through parking layout, policy and regulation," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 63-73.
    5. Zeng, Bo & Sun, Bo & Wei, Xuan & Gong, Dunwei & Zhao, Dongbo & Singh, Chanan, 2020. "Capacity value estimation of plug-in electric vehicle parking-lots in urban power systems: A physical-social coupling perspective," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 265(C).
    6. Krupa, Joseph S. & Rizzo, Donna M. & Eppstein, Margaret J. & Brad Lanute, D. & Gaalema, Diann E. & Lakkaraju, Kiran & Warrender, Christina E., 2014. "Analysis of a consumer survey on plug-in hybrid electric vehicles," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 14-31.
    7. Saxena, Samveg & MacDonald, Jason & Moura, Scott, 2015. "Charging ahead on the transition to electric vehicles with standard 120V wall outlets," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 720-728.
    8. Ramos Muñoz, Edgar & Jabbari, Faryar, 2020. "A decentralized, non-iterative smart protocol for workplace charging of battery electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 272(C).
    9. Thomas, Dimitrios & Deblecker, Olivier & Ioakimidis, Christos S., 2018. "Optimal operation of an energy management system for a grid-connected smart building considering photovoltaics’ uncertainty and stochastic electric vehicles’ driving schedule," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 1188-1206.
    10. Bellekom, Sandra & Benders, René & Pelgröm, Steef & Moll, Henk, 2012. "Electric cars and wind energy: Two problems, one solution? A study to combine wind energy and electric cars in 2020 in The Netherlands," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 45(1), pages 859-866.
    11. Weige Zhang & Di Zhang & Biqiang Mu & Le Yi Wang & Yan Bao & Jiuchun Jiang & Hugo Morais, 2017. "Decentralized Electric Vehicle Charging Strategies for Reduced Load Variation and Guaranteed Charge Completion in Regional Distribution Grids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-19, January.
    12. Morsy Nour & José Pablo Chaves-Ávila & Gaber Magdy & Álvaro Sánchez-Miralles, 2020. "Review of Positive and Negative Impacts of Electric Vehicles Charging on Electric Power Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-34, September.
    13. Daryabari, Mohamad K. & Keypour, Reza & Golmohamadi, Hessam, 2020. "Stochastic energy management of responsive plug-in electric vehicles characterizing parking lot aggregators," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 279(C).
    14. Theron Smith & Joseph Garcia & Gregory Washington, 2022. "Novel PEV Charging Approaches for Extending Transformer Life," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-17, June.
    15. Welzel, Fynn & Klinck, Carl-Friedrich & Pohlmann, Yannick & Bednarczyk, Mats, 2021. "Grid and user-optimized planning of charging processes of an electric vehicle fleet using a quantitative optimization model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).
    16. Heydarian-Forushani, E. & Golshan, M.E.H. & Shafie-khah, M., 2016. "Flexible interaction of plug-in electric vehicle parking lots for efficient wind integration," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 338-349.
    17. Schwarz, Marius & Auzépy, Quentin & Knoeri, Christof, 2020. "Can electricity pricing leverage electric vehicles and battery storage to integrate high shares of solar photovoltaics?," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).
    18. Powell, Siobhan & Kara, Emre Can & Sevlian, Raffi & Cezar, Gustavo Vianna & Kiliccote, Sila & Rajagopal, Ram, 2020. "Controlled workplace charging of electric vehicles: The impact of rate schedules on transformer aging," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Jiansha Lu & Lili Xu & Jinghao Jin & Yiping Shao, 2022. "A Mixed Algorithm for Integrated Scheduling Optimization in AS/RS and Hybrid Flowshop," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-17, October.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ramos Muñoz, Edgar & Jabbari, Faryar, 2020. "A decentralized, non-iterative smart protocol for workplace charging of battery electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 272(C).
    2. Zou, Wenke & Sun, Yongjun & Gao, Dian-ce & Zhang, Xu & Liu, Junyao, 2023. "A review on integration of surging plug-in electric vehicles charging in energy-flexible buildings: Impacts analysis, collaborative management technologies, and future perspective," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 331(C).
    3. Madhusudhan Adhikari & Laxman Prasad Ghimire & Yeonbae Kim & Prakash Aryal & Sundar Bahadur Khadka, 2020. "Identification and Analysis of Barriers against Electric Vehicle Use," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-20, June.
    4. Seiho Kim & Jaesik Lee & Chulung Lee, 2017. "Does Driving Range of Electric Vehicles Influence Electric Vehicle Adoption?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(10), pages 1-15, October.
    5. Adnan, Nadia & Nordin, Shahrina Md & Rahman, Imran & Rasli, Amran Md, 2017. "A new era of sustainable transport: An experimental examination on forecasting adoption behavior of EVs among Malaysian consumer," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 279-295.
    6. Daryabari, Mohamad K. & Keypour, Reza & Golmohamadi, Hessam, 2020. "Stochastic energy management of responsive plug-in electric vehicles characterizing parking lot aggregators," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 279(C).
    7. Sarmad Zaman Rajper & Johan Albrecht, 2020. "Prospects of Electric Vehicles in the Developing Countries: A Literature Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-19, March.
    8. Adnan, Nadia & Nordin, Shahrina Md & Rahman, Imran, 2017. "Adoption of PHEV/EV in Malaysia: A critical review on predicting consumer behaviour," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 849-862.
    9. Wang, Shanyong & Li, Jun & Zhao, Dingtao, 2017. "The impact of policy measures on consumer intention to adopt electric vehicles: Evidence from China," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 14-26.
    10. Felix Hinnüber & Marek Szarucki & Katarzyna Szopik-Depczyńska, 2019. "The Effects of a First-Time Experience on the Evaluation of Battery Electric Vehicles by Potential Consumers," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(24), pages 1-25, December.
    11. Chun Yang & Jui-Che Tu & Qianling Jiang, 2020. "The Influential Factors of Consumers’ Sustainable Consumption: A Case on Electric Vehicles in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-16, April.
    12. Xingping Zhang & Jian Xie & Rao Rao & Yanni Liang, 2014. "Policy Incentives for the Adoption of Electric Vehicles across Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 6(11), pages 1-23, November.
    13. Andriosopoulos, Kostas & Bigerna, Simona & Bollino, Carlo Andrea & Micheli, Silvia, 2018. "The impact of age on Italian consumers' attitude toward alternative fuel vehicles," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 299-308.
    14. Yap, Kah Yung & Chin, Hon Huin & Klemeš, Jiří Jaromír, 2022. "Solar Energy-Powered Battery Electric Vehicle charging stations: Current development and future prospect review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 169(C).
    15. Peng, Yuan & Bai, Xuemei, 2023. "What EV users say about policy efficacy: Evidence from Shanghai," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 16-26.
    16. Gao, Jiong & Ma, Shoufeng & Zou, Hongyang & Du, Huibin, 2023. "How does population agglomeration influence the adoption of new energy vehicles? Evidence from 290 cities in China," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 196(C).
    17. Reema Bera & Bhargab Maitra, 2021. "Analyzing Prospective Owners’ Choice Decision towards Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles in Urban India: A Stated Preference Discrete Choice Experiment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-24, July.
    18. Zarazua de Rubens, Gerardo, 2019. "Who will buy electric vehicles after early adopters? Using machine learning to identify the electric vehicle mainstream market," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 243-254.
    19. Zunian Luo, 2022. "Powering Up a Slow Charging Market: How Do Government Subsidies Affect Charging Station Supply?," Papers 2210.14908, arXiv.org, revised Jan 2023.
    20. Tan, Bing Qing & Kang, Kai & Zhong, Ray Y., 2023. "Electric vehicle charging infrastructure investment strategy analysis: State-owned versus private parking lots," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 54-71.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:17:p:6459-:d:906509. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.