IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v15y2022i11p3929-d824596.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Optimization of Multidimensional Energy Security: An Index Based Assessment

Author

Listed:
  • Fahad Bin Abdullah

    (Department of Environment & Energy Management, Institute of Business Management, Karachi 75190, Pakistan)

  • Rizwan Iqbal

    (Department of Computer Engineering, Bahria University, Karachi Campus, Karachi 75260, Pakistan)

  • Sadique Ahmad

    (EIAS: Data Science and Blockchain Laboratory, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia)

  • Mohammed A. El-Affendi

    (EIAS: Data Science and Blockchain Laboratory, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia)

  • Pardeep Kumar

    (Department of Software Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology, Nawabshah 67450, Pakistan)

Abstract

This study introduces Pakistan’s multidimensional energy security index (PMESI) and indices across dimensions from 1991 to 2020 through indicator optimization. Based on criteria, expert participation, and reliability testing, 27 indicators were identified and weighted based on dimension reduction utilizing the Varimax Rotation technique. As a result of robust evaluation framework, there has been a considerable change in Pakistan’s energy security when compared to other studies such as the energy security indicator of Pakistan (ESIP) and the energy security index of Pakistan (ESIOP). According to the findings, energy security decreased by 25% between 1991 and 2012, followed by a modest increase through 2020. During the study period, the “Affordability” dimension improved; however, the other four dimensions, namely “Availability,” “Technology,” “Governance,” and “Environment,” regressed. Few goals under the petroleum policy (1991), petroleum policy (2012), and power policy (2013) were partially met, while conservation programs, such as the renewable policy (2006) and national climate change policy (2012), fell short. Indicators such as price, reserves, governance, corruption, and consumption contributed to PMESI across five dimensions. Thus, PMESI and indices guiding policymakers to focus on improving governance and exploiting local energy resources in order to provide affordable and sufficient energy in the long run.

Suggested Citation

  • Fahad Bin Abdullah & Rizwan Iqbal & Sadique Ahmad & Mohammed A. El-Affendi & Pardeep Kumar, 2022. "Optimization of Multidimensional Energy Security: An Index Based Assessment," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-25, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:11:p:3929-:d:824596
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/11/3929/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/11/3929/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Martchamadol, Jutamanee & Kumar, S., 2013. "An aggregated energy security performance indicator," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 653-670.
    2. Mirjat, Nayyar Hussain & Uqaili, Muhammad Aslam & Harijan, Khanji & Walasai, Gordhan Das & Mondal, Md Alam Hossain & Sahin, Hasret, 2018. "Long-term electricity demand forecast and supply side scenarios for Pakistan (2015–2050): A LEAP model application for policy analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(PB), pages 512-526.
    3. Shi, Xunpeng, 2016. "The future of ASEAN energy mix: A SWOT analysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 672-680.
    4. Aized, Tauseef & Shahid, Muhammad & Bhatti, Amanat Ali & Saleem, Muhammad & Anandarajah, Gabrial, 2018. "Energy security and renewable energy policy analysis of Pakistan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 155-169.
    5. Sharifuddin, Shahnaz, 2014. "Methodology for quantitatively assessing the energy security of Malaysia and other southeast Asian countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 574-582.
    6. Cherp, Aleh & Jewell, Jessica, 2014. "The concept of energy security: Beyond the four As," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 415-421.
    7. Perwez, Usama & Sohail, Ahmed & Hassan, Syed Fahad & Zia, Usman, 2015. "The long-term forecast of Pakistan's electricity supply and demand: An application of long range energy alternatives planning," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 93(P2), pages 2423-2435.
    8. Ahmed, Saeed & Mahmood, Anzar & Hasan, Ahmad & Sidhu, Guftaar Ahmad Sardar & Butt, Muhammad Fasih Uddin, 2016. "A comparative review of China, India and Pakistan renewable energy sectors and sharing opportunities," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 216-225.
    9. Ang, B.W. & Choong, W.L. & Ng, T.S., 2015. "A framework for evaluating Singapore’s energy security," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 314-325.
    10. Zhang, Long & Yu, Jing & Sovacool, Benjamin K. & Ren, Jingzheng, 2017. "Measuring energy security performance within China: Toward an inter-provincial prospective," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 825-836.
    11. Aqeeq, Muhammad Arsalan & Hyder, Syed Irfan & Shehzad, Farrukh & Tahir, Muhammad Arsalan, 2018. "On the competitiveness of grid-tied residential photovoltaic generation systems in Pakistan: Panacea or paradox?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 704-722.
    12. Augutis, Juozas & Krikštolaitis, Ričardas & Martišauskas, Linas & Pečiulytė, Sigita & Žutautaitė, Inga, 2017. "Integrated energy security assessment," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 890-901.
    13. Asif, M. & Muneer, T., 2007. "Energy supply, its demand and security issues for developed and emerging economies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 11(7), pages 1388-1413, September.
    14. Sovacool, Benjamin K., 2013. "An international assessment of energy security performance," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 148-158.
    15. Asif, M., 2009. "Sustainable energy options for Pakistan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 13(4), pages 903-909, May.
    16. Vivoda, Vlado, 2010. "Evaluating energy security in the Asia-Pacific region: A novel methodological approach," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(9), pages 5258-5263, September.
    17. Debin Fang & Shanshan Shi & Qian Yu, 2018. "Evaluation of Sustainable Energy Security and an Empirical Analysis of China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-23, May.
    18. Narula, Kapil & Sudhakara Reddy, B. & Pachauri, Shonali & Mahendra Dev, S., 2017. "Sustainable energy security for India: An assessment of the energy supply sub-system," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 127-144.
    19. Lee Cronbach, 1951. "Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 16(3), pages 297-334, September.
    20. Fahad Bin Abdullah & Rizwan Iqbal & Sadique Ahmad & Mohammed A. El-Affendi & Maria Abdullah, 2022. "An Empirical Analysis of Sustainable Energy Security for Energy Policy Recommendations," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-28, May.
    21. Magdalena Ligus & Piotr Peternek, 2021. "The Sustainable Energy Development Index—An Application for European Union Member States," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-32, February.
    22. Benjamin K. Sovacool, 2012. "Energy security: challenges and needs," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 1(1), pages 51-59, July.
    23. Gasser, Patrick, 2020. "A review on energy security indices to compare country performances," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    24. Tongsopit, Sopitsuda & Kittner, Noah & Chang, Youngho & Aksornkij, Apinya & Wangjiraniran, Weerin, 2016. "Energy security in ASEAN: A quantitative approach for sustainable energy policy," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 60-72.
    25. Viswanatha Reddy Krishna & Venkatesh Paramesh & Vadivel Arunachalam & Bappa Das & Hosam O. Elansary & Arjun Parab & Dendi Damodar Reddy & K. S. Shashidhar & Diaa O. El-Ansary & Eman A. Mahmoud & Moham, 2020. "Assessment of Sustainability and Priorities for Development of Indian West Coast Region: An Application of Sustainable Livelihood Security Indicators," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(20), pages 1-19, October.
    26. Saleh Shadman & Marlia Mohd Hanafiah & Christina May May Chin & Eng Hwa Yap & Novita Sakundarini, 2021. "Conceptualising the Sustainable Energy Security Dimensions of Malaysia: A Thematic Analysis through Stakeholder Engagement to Draw Policy Implications," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-26, October.
    27. Ullah, Kafait & Raza, Muhammad Shabbar & Mirza, Faisal Mehmood, 2019. "Barriers to hydro-power resource utilization in Pakistan: A mixed approach," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 723-735.
    28. Kessides, Ioannis N., 2013. "Chaos in power: Pakistan's electricity crisis," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 271-285.
    29. Narula, Kapil & Sudhakara Reddy, B. & Pachauri, Shonali, 2017. "Sustainable Energy Security for India: An assessment of energy demand sub-system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 186(P2), pages 126-139.
    30. Erahman, Qodri Febrilian & Purwanto, Widodo Wahyu & Sudibandriyo, Mahmud & Hidayatno, Akhmad, 2016. "An assessment of Indonesia's energy security index and comparison with seventy countries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 364-376.
    31. Chester, Lynne, 2010. "Conceptualising energy security and making explicit its polysemic nature," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(2), pages 887-895, February.
    32. Martchamadol, Jutamanee & Kumar, S., 2014. "The Aggregated Energy Security Performance Indicator (AESPI) at national and provincial level," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 219-238.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Getao Hu & Jun Yang & Jun Li, 2022. "The Dynamic Evolution of Global Energy Security and Geopolitical Games: 1995~2019," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-25, November.
    2. Pankaewta Lakkanawanit & Wilawan Dungtripop & Muttanachai Suttipun & Hisham Madi, 2022. "Energy Conservation and Firm Performance in Thailand: Comparison between Energy-Intensive and Non-Energy-Intensive Industries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-17, October.
    3. Izabela Jonek-Kowalska, 2022. "Assessing the energy security of European countries in the resource and economic context," Oeconomia Copernicana, Institute of Economic Research, vol. 13(2), pages 301-334, June.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Abdullah, Fahad Bin & Iqbal, Rizwan & Hyder, Syed Irfan & Jawaid, Mohammad, 2020. "Energy security indicators for Pakistan: An integrated approach," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    2. Fahad Bin Abdullah & Rizwan Iqbal & Sadique Ahmad & Mohammed A. El-Affendi & Maria Abdullah, 2022. "An Empirical Analysis of Sustainable Energy Security for Energy Policy Recommendations," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-28, May.
    3. Gong, Xu & Wang, You & Lin, Boqiang, 2021. "Assessing dynamic China’s energy security: Based on functional data analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 217(C).
    4. Huang, Beijia & Zhang, Long & Ma, Linmao & Bai, Wuliyasu & Ren, Jingzheng, 2021. "Multi-criteria decision analysis of China’s energy security from 2008 to 2017 based on Fuzzy BWM-DEA-AR model and Malmquist Productivity Index," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C).
    5. Matsumoto, Ken’ichi & Shiraki, Hiroto, 2018. "Energy security performance in Japan under different socioeconomic and energy conditions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 391-401.
    6. Tutak, Magdalena & Brodny, Jarosław, 2022. "Analysis of the level of energy security in the three seas initiative countries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 311(C).
    7. Wang, Deqing & Tian, Sihua & Fang, Lei & Xu, Yan, 2020. "A functional index model for dynamically evaluating China's energy security," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 147(C).
    8. Zhang, Long & Bai, Wuliyasu & Xiao, Huijuan & Ren, Jingzheng, 2021. "Measuring and improving regional energy security: A methodological framework based on both quantitative and qualitative analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
    9. Qingsong Wang & Hongrui Tang & Xueliang Yuan & Mansen Wang & Hongkun Xiao & Zhi Ma, 2018. "An Early Warning System for Oil Security in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(1), pages 1-17, January.
    10. Jacek Strojny & Anna Krakowiak-Bal & Jarosław Knaga & Piotr Kacorzyk, 2023. "Energy Security: A Conceptual Overview," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-35, June.
    11. Pin Li & Jinsuo Zhang, 2019. "Is China’s Energy Supply Sustainable? New Research Model Based on the Exponential Smoothing and GM(1,1) Methods," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-30, January.
    12. Fahad Bin Abdullah & Rizwan Iqbal & Falak Shad Memon & Sadique Ahmad & Mohammed A. El-Affendi, 2023. "Advancing Sustainability in the Power Distribution Industry: An Integrated Framework Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-28, May.
    13. Augutis, Juozas & Krikštolaitis, Ričardas & Martišauskas, Linas & Pečiulytė, Sigita & Žutautaitė, Inga, 2017. "Integrated energy security assessment," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 890-901.
    14. Saleh Shadman & Marlia Mohd Hanafiah & Christina May May Chin & Eng Hwa Yap & Novita Sakundarini, 2021. "Conceptualising the Sustainable Energy Security Dimensions of Malaysia: A Thematic Analysis through Stakeholder Engagement to Draw Policy Implications," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-26, October.
    15. Karatayev, Marat & Hall, Stephen, 2020. "Establishing and comparing energy security trends in resource-rich exporting nations (Russia and the Caspian Sea region)," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    16. Zhu, Bo & Deng, Yuanyue & Lin, Renda & Hu, Xin & Chen, Pingshe, 2022. "Energy security: Does systemic risk spillover matter? Evidence from China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 114(C).
    17. Wang, Qiang & Zhou, Kan, 2017. "A framework for evaluating global national energy security," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 188(C), pages 19-31.
    18. Huang, Shi-Wei & Chung, Yung-Fu & Wu, Tai-Hsi, 2021. "Analyzing the relationship between energy security performance and decoupling of economic growth from CO2 emissions for OECD countries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
    19. Zhenyu Zhao & Huijia Yang, 2020. "Regional Security Assessment of Integrated Energy Systems with Renewables in China: A Grid-Connected Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-18, December.
    20. Gasser, Patrick, 2020. "A review on energy security indices to compare country performances," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:11:p:3929-:d:824596. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.