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Automatic Generation Control Strategies in Conventional and Modern Power Systems: A Comprehensive Overview

Author

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  • Kaleem Ullah

    (US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Study in Energy, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan)

  • Abdul Basit

    (US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Study in Energy, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan)

  • Zahid Ullah

    (University of Management and Technology Lahore, Sialkot Campus, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan)

  • Sheraz Aslam

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering and Informatics, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus)

  • Herodotos Herodotou

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering and Informatics, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus)

Abstract

Automatic generation control (AGC) is primarily responsible for ensuring the smooth and efficient operation of an electric power system. The main goal of AGC is to keep the operating frequency under prescribed limits and maintain the interchange power at the intended level. Therefore, an AGC system must be supplemented with modern and intelligent control techniques to provide adequate power supply. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of various AGC models in diverse configurations of the power system. Initially, the history of power system AGC models is explored and the basic operation of AGC in a multi-area interconnected power system is presented. An in-depth analysis of various control methods used to mitigate the AGC issues is provided. Application of fast-acting energy storage devices, high voltage direct current (HVDC) interconnections, and flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices in the AGC systems are investigated. Furthermore, AGC systems employed in different renewable energy generation systems are overviewed and are summarized in tabulated form. AGC techniques in different configurations of microgrid and smart grid are also presented in detail. A thorough overview of various AGC issues in a deregulated power system is provided by considering the different contract scenarios. Moreover, AGC systems with an additional objective of economic dispatch is investigated and an overview of worldwide AGC practices is provided. Finally, the paper concludes with an emphasis on the prospective study in the field of AGC.

Suggested Citation

  • Kaleem Ullah & Abdul Basit & Zahid Ullah & Sheraz Aslam & Herodotos Herodotou, 2021. "Automatic Generation Control Strategies in Conventional and Modern Power Systems: A Comprehensive Overview," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-43, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:9:p:2376-:d:541384
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    2. Sadeq D. Al-Majidi & Mohammed Kh. AL-Nussairi & Ali Jasim Mohammed & Adel Manaa Dakhil & Maysam F. Abbod & Hamed S. Al-Raweshidy, 2022. "Design of a Load Frequency Controller Based on an Optimal Neural Network," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-28, August.
    3. Ahmad Saeed & Ebrahim Shahzad & Adnan Umar Khan & Athar Waseem & Muhammad Iqbal & Kaleem Ullah & Sheraz Aslam, 2023. "Three-Pond Model with Fuzzy Inference System-Based Water Level Regulation Scheme for Run-of-River Hydropower Plant," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-29, March.
    4. Khairul Eahsun Fahim & Liyanage C. De Silva & Fayaz Hussain & Hayati Yassin, 2023. "A State-of-the-Art Review on Optimization Methods and Techniques for Economic Load Dispatch with Photovoltaic Systems: Progress, Challenges, and Recommendations," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-29, August.
    5. José Calixto Lopes & Thales Sousa, 2022. "Transmission System Electromechanical Stability Analysis with High Penetration of Renewable Generation and Battery Energy Storage System Application," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-23, March.
    6. Herodotos Herodotou, 2021. "Introduction to the Special Issue on Data-Intensive Computing in Smart Microgrids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-3, May.
    7. Kaleem Ullah & Zahid Ullah & Sheraz Aslam & Muhammad Salik Salam & Muhammad Asjad Salahuddin & Muhammad Farooq Umer & Mujtaba Humayon & Haris Shaheer, 2023. "Wind Farms and Flexible Loads Contribution in Automatic Generation Control: An Extensive Review and Simulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-34, July.
    8. Solomon Feleke & Balamurali Pydi & Raavi Satish & Degarege Anteneh & Kareem M. AboRas & Hossam Kotb & Mohammed Alharbi & Mohamed Abuagreb, 2023. "DE-Based Design of an Intelligent and Conventional Hybrid Control System with IPFC for AGC of Interconnected Power System," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-23, March.
    9. Amil Daraz & Suheel Abdullah Malik & Athar Waseem & Ahmad Taher Azar & Ihsan Ul Haq & Zahid Ullah & Sheraz Aslam, 2021. "Automatic Generation Control of Multi-Source Interconnected Power System Using FOI-TD Controller," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-18, September.
    10. Solomon Feleke & Raavi Satish & Workagegn Tatek & Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz & Adel El-Shahat, 2022. "DE-Algorithm-Optimized Fuzzy-PID Controller for AGC of Integrated Multi Area Power System with HVDC Link," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-21, August.
    11. Kaleem Ullah & Abdul Basit & Zahid Ullah & Fahad R. Albogamy & Ghulam Hafeez, 2022. "Automatic Generation Control in Modern Power Systems with Wind Power and Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-24, February.

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