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A Comprehensive Review of the Cyber-Attacks and Cyber-Security on Load Frequency Control of Power Systems

Author

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  • Athira M. Mohan

    (The Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar)

  • Nader Meskin

    (The Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar)

  • Hasan Mehrjerdi

    (The Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar)

Abstract

Power systems are complex systems that have great importance to socio-economic development due to the fact that the entire world relies on the electric network power supply for day-to-day life. Therefore, for the stable operation of power systems, several protection and control techniques are necessary. The power system controllers should have the ability to maintain power system stability. Three important quantities that should be effectively controlled to maintain the stability of power systems are frequency, rotor angle, and voltage. The voltage control in power systems maintains the voltage and reactive power within the required limits and the power factor control enhances the efficiency of power distribution systems by improving load power factors. Among various controls, the frequency control is the most time-consuming control mechanism of power systems due to the involvement of mechanical parts. As the control algorithms of frequency stabilization deliver control signals in the timescale of seconds, load frequency control (LFC) systems cannot handle complicated data validation algorithms, making them more vulnerable to disturbances and cyber-attacks. In addition, the LFC system has extended digital layers with open communication networks and is designed to operate with less human intervention. Moreover, the frequency fluctuation due to load change or cyber-attack in one area affects all other interconnected areas, and thus threatens the stability of the entire network. Due to these circumstances, research activities are still carried out in the field of frequency control and cyber-security. In this paper, a comprehensive review of the cyber-security of the LFC mechanism in the power system is presented. The highlights of the paper include the identification of attack points of different configurations of the LFC system, discussion of the attack strategies, formulation of various attack models, and a brief review of the existing detection and defense mechanisms against cyber-attacks on LFC.

Suggested Citation

  • Athira M. Mohan & Nader Meskin & Hasan Mehrjerdi, 2020. "A Comprehensive Review of the Cyber-Attacks and Cyber-Security on Load Frequency Control of Power Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-33, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:15:p:3860-:d:391024
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Xinghua Liu & Siwei Qiao & Zhiwei Liu, 2023. "A Survey on Load Frequency Control of Multi-Area Power Systems: Recent Challenges and Strategies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-22, February.
    2. Marilena Stănculescu & Sorin Deleanu & Paul Cristian Andrei & Horia Andrei, 2021. "A Case Study of an Industrial Power Plant under Cyberattack: Simulation and Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-20, April.
    3. Félix Dubuisson & Miloud Rezkallah & Hussein Ibrahim & Ambrish Chandra, 2021. "Real-Time Implementation of the Predictive-Based Control with Bacterial Foraging Optimization Technique for Power Management in Standalone Microgrid Application," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-15, March.
    4. Vijayshankar, Sanjana & Chang, Chin-Yao & Utkarsh, Kumar & Wald, Dylan & Ding, Fei & Balamurugan, Sivasathya Pradha & King, Jennifer & Macwan, Richard, 2023. "Assessing the impact of cybersecurity attacks on energy systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 345(C).
    5. Mishra, Dillip Kumar & Ray, Prakash Kumar & Li, Li & Zhang, Jiangfeng & Hossain, M.J. & Mohanty, Asit, 2022. "Resilient control based frequency regulation scheme of isolated microgrids considering cyber attack and parameter uncertainties," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 306(PA).
    6. Agbodoh-Falschau, Kouassi Raymond & Ravaonorohanta, Bako Harinivo, 2023. "Investigating the influence of governance determinants on reporting cybersecurity incidents to police: Evidence from Canadian organizations’ perspectives," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    7. Miłosz Stypiński & Marcin Niemiec, 2023. "Security of Neural Network-Based Key Agreement Protocol for Smart Grids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-11, May.

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