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Thermal Efficiency and Economics of a Boil-Off Hydrogen Re-Liquefaction System Considering the Energy Efficiency Design Index for Liquid Hydrogen Carriers

Author

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  • Minsoo Choi

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea)

  • Wongwan Jung

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea)

  • Sanghyuk Lee

    (Energy Plant Research Center, Samsung Heavy Industries, Seongnam-si 13486, Korea)

  • Taehwan Joung

    (International Maritime Research Center (IMRC), Korea Research Institute of Ships & Ocean Engineering (KRISO), Daejeon 34103, Korea)

  • Daejun Chang

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea)

Abstract

This study analyzes the thermodynamic, economic, and regulatory aspects of boil-off hydrogen (BOH) in liquid hydrogen (LH 2 ) carriers that can be re-liquefied using a proposed re-liquefaction system or used as fuel in a fuel cell stack. Five LH 2 carriers sailing between two designated ports are considered in a case study. The specific energy consumption of the proposed re-liquefaction system varies from 8.22 to 10.80 kWh/kg as the re-liquefaction-to-generation fraction (R/G fraction) is varied. The economic evaluation results show that the cost of re-liquefaction decreases as the re-liquefied flow rate increases and converges to 1.5 $/kg at an adequately large flow rate. Three energy efficient design index (EEDI) candidates are proposed to determine feasible R/G fractions: an EEDI equivalent to that of LNG carriers, an EEDI that considers the energy density of LH 2 , and no EEDI restrictions. The first EEDI candidate is so strict that the majority of the BOH should be used as fuel. In the case of the second EEDI candidate, the permittable R/G fraction is between 25% and 33%. If the EEDI is not applied for LH 2 carriers, as in the third candidate, the specific life-cycle cost decreases to 67% compared with the first EEDI regulation.

Suggested Citation

  • Minsoo Choi & Wongwan Jung & Sanghyuk Lee & Taehwan Joung & Daejun Chang, 2021. "Thermal Efficiency and Economics of a Boil-Off Hydrogen Re-Liquefaction System Considering the Energy Efficiency Design Index for Liquid Hydrogen Carriers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-23, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:15:p:4566-:d:603333
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Mukelabai, Mulako Dean & Wijayantha, Upul K.G. & Blanchard, Richard E., 2022. "Renewable hydrogen economy outlook in Africa," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).

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