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Review on the Safe Use of Ammonia Fuel Cells in the Maritime Industry

Author

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  • Michail Cheliotis

    (Maritime Safety Research Centre, University of Strathclyde, Richmond Street 16, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
    These authors contributed equally to the content of the paper.)

  • Evangelos Boulougouris

    (Maritime Safety Research Centre, University of Strathclyde, Richmond Street 16, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK)

  • Nikoletta L Trivyza

    (Maritime Safety Research Centre, University of Strathclyde, Richmond Street 16, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
    These authors contributed equally to the content of the paper.)

  • Gerasimos Theotokatos

    (Maritime Safety Research Centre, University of Strathclyde, Richmond Street 16, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK)

  • George Livanos

    (CAPITAL-EXECUTIVE Ship Management Corp, 3, Iasonos Street, 18537 Piraeus, Greece)

  • George Mantalos

    (STARBULK, 40, Agiou Konstantinou, 15124 Athens, Greece)

  • Athanasios Stubos

    (NCSR “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, Attikis, 15310 Athens, Greece)

  • Emmanuel Stamatakis

    (NCSR “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, Attikis, 15310 Athens, Greece
    Institute of Petroleum Research-FORTH, 73100 Chania, Greece)

  • Alexandros Venetsanos

    (NCSR “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, Attikis, 15310 Athens, Greece)

Abstract

In April 2018, the International Maritime Organisation adopted an ambitious plan to contribute to the global efforts to reduce the Greenhouse Gas emissions, as set by the Paris Agreement, by targeting a 50% reduction in shipping’s Green House Gas emissions by 2050, benchmarked to 2008 levels. To meet these challenging goals, the maritime industry must introduce environmentally friendly fuels with negligible, or low SO X , NO X and CO 2 emissions. Ammonia use in maritime applications is considered promising, due to its high energy density, low flammability, easy storage and low production cost. Moreover, ammonia can be used as fuel in a variety of propulsors such as fuel cells and can be produced from renewable sources. As a result, ammonia can be used as a versatile marine fuel, exploiting the existing infrastructure, and having zero SO X and CO 2 emissions. However, there are several challenges to overcome for ammonia to become a compelling fuel towards the decarbonisation of shipping. Such factors include the selection of the appropriate ammonia-fuelled power generator, the selection of the appropriate system safety assessment tool, and mitigating measures to address the hazards of ammonia. This paper discusses the state-of-the-art of ammonia fuelled fuel cells for marine applications and presents their potential, and challenges.

Suggested Citation

  • Michail Cheliotis & Evangelos Boulougouris & Nikoletta L Trivyza & Gerasimos Theotokatos & George Livanos & George Mantalos & Athanasios Stubos & Emmanuel Stamatakis & Alexandros Venetsanos, 2021. "Review on the Safe Use of Ammonia Fuel Cells in the Maritime Industry," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-20, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:11:p:3023-:d:560633
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

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    2. George Mallouppas & Constantina Ioannou & Elias Ar. Yfantis, 2022. "A Review of the Latest Trends in the Use of Green Ammonia as an Energy Carrier in Maritime Industry," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-11, February.
    3. Jorgen Depken & Alexander Dyck & Lukas Roß & Sören Ehlers, 2022. "Safety Considerations of Hydrogen Application in Shipping in Comparison to LNG," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-20, April.
    4. Wang, Cong & Feng, Yu & Liu, Zekuan & Wang, Yilin & Fang, Jiwei & Qin, Jiang & Shao, Jiahui & Huang, Hongyan, 2022. "Assessment of thermodynamic performance and CO2 emission reduction for a supersonic precooled turbine engine cycle fueled with a new green fuel of ammonia," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(PA).
    5. Phan Anh Duong & Bo Rim Ryu & Mi Kyoung Song & Hong Van Nguyen & Dong Nam & Hokeun Kang, 2023. "Safety Assessment of the Ammonia Bunkering Process in the Maritime Sector: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-30, May.

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