IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v13y2020i23p6451-d457635.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Powertrain Optimization for Electric Buses under Optimal Energy-Efficient Driving

Author

Listed:
  • Alexander Koch

    (Institute of Automotive Technology, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany)

  • Olaf Teichert

    (TUMCREATE Ltd., Singapore 138602, Singapore)

  • Svenja Kalt

    (Institute of Automotive Technology, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany)

  • Aybike Ongel

    (TUMCREATE Ltd., Singapore 138602, Singapore)

  • Markus Lienkamp

    (Institute of Automotive Technology, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
    TUMCREATE Ltd., Singapore 138602, Singapore)

Abstract

State of the art powertrain optimization compares the energy consumption of different powertrain configurations based on simulations with fixed driving cycles. However, this approach might not be applicable to future vehicles, since speed advisory systems and automated driving functions offer the potential to adapt the speed profile to minimize energy consumption. This study aims to investigate the potential of powertrain optimization with respect to energy consumption under optimal energy-efficient driving for electric buses. The optimal powertrain configurations of the buses under energy-efficient driving and their respective energy consumptions are obtained using powertrain-specific optimized driving cycles and compared with those of human-driven unconnected buses and buses with non-powertrain-specific optimal speed profiles. Based on the results, new trends in the powertrain design of vehicles under energy-efficient driving are derived. The optimized driving cycles are calculated using a dynamic programming approach. The evaluations were based on the fact that the buses under energy-efficient driving operate in dedicated lanes with vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication while the unconnected buses operate in mixed traffic. The results indicate that deviating from the optimal powertrain configuration does not have a significant effect on energy consumption for optimized speed profiles; however, the energy savings from an optimized powertrain configuration can be significant when ride comfort is considered. The connected buses under energy-efficient driving operating in dedicated lanes may reduce energy consumption by up to 27% compared to human-driven unconnected buses.

Suggested Citation

  • Alexander Koch & Olaf Teichert & Svenja Kalt & Aybike Ongel & Markus Lienkamp, 2020. "Powertrain Optimization for Electric Buses under Optimal Energy-Efficient Driving," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-19, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:23:p:6451-:d:457635
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/23/6451/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/23/6451/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Egbue, Ona & Long, Suzanna, 2012. "Barriers to widespread adoption of electric vehicles: An analysis of consumer attitudes and perceptions," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 717-729.
    2. Francesco Bottiglione & Stefano De Pinto & Giacomo Mantriota & Aldo Sorniotti, 2014. "Energy Consumption of a Battery Electric Vehicle with Infinitely Variable Transmission," Energies, MDPI, vol. 7(12), pages 1-21, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Muhammad Azam & Sitti Asmah Hassan & Othman Che Puan, 2022. "Autonomous Vehicles in Mixed Traffic Conditions—A Bibliometric Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-34, August.
    2. Alexander Koch & Lorenzo Nicoletti & Thomas Herrmann & Markus Lienkamp, 2022. "Implementation and Analyses of an Eco-Driving Algorithm for Different Battery Electric Powertrain Topologies Based on a Split Loss Integration Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-29, July.
    3. Pier Giuseppe Anselma, 2021. "Optimization-Driven Powertrain-Oriented Adaptive Cruise Control to Improve Energy Saving and Passenger Comfort," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-28, May.
    4. Aissam Riad Meddour & Nassim Rizoug & Patrick Leserf & Christopher Vagg & Richard Burke & Cherif Larouci, 2023. "Optimization of the Lifetime and Cost of a PMSM in an Electric Vehicle Drive Train," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-27, July.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Peng Cheng & Zhe Ouyang & Yang Liu, 0. "The effect of information overload on the intention of consumers to adopt electric vehicles," Transportation, Springer, vol. 0, pages 1-20.
    2. Lily Hanig & Catherine Ledna & Destenie Nock & Corey D. Harper & Arthur Yip & Eric Wood & C. Anna Spurlock, 2025. "Finding gaps in the national electric vehicle charging station coverage of the United States," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 16(1), pages 1-13, December.
    3. Chaouachi, Aymen & Bompard, Ettore & Fulli, Gianluca & Masera, Marcelo & De Gennaro, Michele & Paffumi, Elena, 2016. "Assessment framework for EV and PV synergies in emerging distribution systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 719-728.
    4. Berliner, Rosaria, 2018. "Drivers of Change in a World of Mobility Disruption: An Overview of Long Distance Travel, Shared Mobility, and Automated Vehicles," Institute of Transportation Studies, Working Paper Series qt6r64v86z, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Davis.
    5. Stefano De Pinto & Pablo Camocardi & Christoforos Chatzikomis & Aldo Sorniotti & Francesco Bottiglione & Giacomo Mantriota & Pietro Perlo, 2020. "On the Comparison of 2- and 4-Wheel-Drive Electric Vehicle Layouts with Central Motors and Single- and 2-Speed Transmission Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-24, June.
    6. Wang, Yuanyuan & Chi, Yuanying & Xu, Jin-Hua & Yuan, Yongke, 2022. "Consumers’ attitudes and their effects on electric vehicle sales and charging infrastructure construction: An empirical study in China," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 165(C).
    7. Kear, Sarah & Marangon Lima, Luana M. & Kittner, Noah, 2025. "Charging forward: A greenhouse gas emissions analysis of New York State's electric vehicle and clean energy goals," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 201(C).
    8. Kim, Junghun & Seung, Hyunchan & Lee, Jongsu & Ahn, Joongha, 2020. "Asymmetric preference and loss aversion for electric vehicles: The reference-dependent choice model capturing different preference directions," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).
    9. Pei Chen & Mohamad Hisyam Selamat & See-Nie Lee, 2025. "The Impact of Policy Incentives on the Purchase of Electric Vehicles by Consumers in China’s First-Tier Cities: Moderate-Mediate Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(12), pages 1-17, June.
    10. Neaimeh, Myriam & Salisbury, Shawn D. & Hill, Graeme A. & Blythe, Philip T. & Scoffield, Don R. & Francfort, James E., 2017. "Analysing the usage and evidencing the importance of fast chargers for the adoption of battery electric vehicles," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 474-486.
    11. Cleary, Kathryne & Palmer, Karen, 2020. "Encouraging Electrification through Energy Service Subscriptions," RFF Working Paper Series 20-09, Resources for the Future.
    12. Wesche, Julius P. & Plötz, Patrick & Dütschke, Elisabeth, 2016. "How to trigger mass market adoption of electric vehicles? Factors predicting interest in electric vehicles in Germany," Working Papers "Sustainability and Innovation" S07/2016, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research (ISI).
    13. He, Wentao & Hao, Xiaoli, 2023. "Competition and welfare effects of introducing new products into the new energy vehicle market: Empirical evidence from Tesla’s entry into the Chinese market," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 174(C).
    14. Zahari, Teuku Naraski & McLellan, Benjamin Craig, 2024. "Sustainability of Indonesia's transportation sector energy and resources demand under the low carbon transition strategies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 311(C).
    15. Saiful Hasan & Terje Andreas Mathisen, 2020. "Policy measures for electric vehicle adoption. A review of evidence from Norway and China," ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 0(1), pages 25-46.
    16. Byun, Hyunsuk & Shin, Jungwoo & Lee, Chul-Yong, 2018. "Using a discrete choice experiment to predict the penetration possibility of environmentally friendly vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 144(C), pages 312-321.
    17. Yang, Shuo & Zhou, Leyu & Zhang, Zhehao & Sun, Shan & Guo, Liang, 2024. "Examining the correlation of household electric vehicle ownership: Insights for emerging mobility and planning," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 118(C).
    18. Andriosopoulos, Kostas & Bigerna, Simona & Bollino, Carlo Andrea & Micheli, Silvia, 2018. "The impact of age on Italian consumers' attitude toward alternative fuel vehicles," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 299-308.
    19. Alabi, Oluwafisayo & Turner, Karen & Figus, Gioele & Katris, Antonios & Calvillo, Christian, 2020. "Can spending to upgrade electricity networks to support electric vehicles (EVs) roll-outs unlock value in the wider economy?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    20. Ruan, Jiageng & Walker, Paul & Zhang, Nong, 2016. "A comparative study energy consumption and costs of battery electric vehicle transmissions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(C), pages 119-134.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:23:p:6451-:d:457635. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.