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On the Comparison of 2- and 4-Wheel-Drive Electric Vehicle Layouts with Central Motors and Single- and 2-Speed Transmission Systems

Author

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  • Stefano De Pinto

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
    Dipartimento di Meccanica, Matematica e Management, Politecnico di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy)

  • Pablo Camocardi

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK)

  • Christoforos Chatzikomis

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK)

  • Aldo Sorniotti

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK)

  • Francesco Bottiglione

    (Dipartimento di Meccanica, Matematica e Management, Politecnico di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy)

  • Giacomo Mantriota

    (Dipartimento di Meccanica, Matematica e Management, Politecnico di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy)

  • Pietro Perlo

    (Interactive Fully Electrical VehicleS (IFEVS), 10040 La Loggia, Torino, Italy)

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) are characterized by a significant variety of possible powertrain configurations, ranging from one to four electric machines, which can have an on-board or in-wheel layout. Multiple models of production EVs have recently been introduced on the market, with 4-wheel-drive (4WD) architectures based on a central motor within each axle, connected to the wheels through a gearbox, a differential, and half-shafts. In parallel, an important body of research and industrial demonstrations have covered the topic of 2-speed transmission systems for EVs, with the target of enhancing longitudinal acceleration and gradeability performance, while increasing the operating efficiency of the electric powertrain. Although several recent studies compare different electric powertrain architectures, to the best of the authors’ knowledge the literature misses a comparison between 2-wheel-drive (2WD) and 4WD configurations for the same EV, from the viewpoint of drivability and energy consumption. This paper targets this gap, by assessing 2WD and 4WD powertrain layouts with central motors, for a case study light passenger car for urban mobility, including consideration of the effect of single- and 2-speed transmission systems. An optimization routine is used to calculate the energy-efficient gear state and/or torque distribution for each considered configuration. For the specific EV, the results highlight the favourable trade-off of the single-speed 4WD layout, capable of reducing the energy consumption during driving cycles by approximately 9% with respect to the conventional 2WD layout with single-speed transmission, while providing satisfactory drivability and good gradeability, especially in low tire–road friction conditions.

Suggested Citation

  • Stefano De Pinto & Pablo Camocardi & Christoforos Chatzikomis & Aldo Sorniotti & Francesco Bottiglione & Giacomo Mantriota & Pietro Perlo, 2020. "On the Comparison of 2- and 4-Wheel-Drive Electric Vehicle Layouts with Central Motors and Single- and 2-Speed Transmission Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-24, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:13:p:3328-:d:378263
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Kwon, Kihan & Seo, Minsik & Min, Seungjae, 2020. "Efficient multi-objective optimization of gear ratios and motor torque distribution for electric vehicles with two-motor and two-speed powertrain system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
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    3. Francesco Bottiglione & Stefano De Pinto & Giacomo Mantriota & Aldo Sorniotti, 2014. "Energy Consumption of a Battery Electric Vehicle with Infinitely Variable Transmission," Energies, MDPI, vol. 7(12), pages 1-21, December.
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    Cited by:

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    3. Piotr Szewczyk & Andrzej Łebkowski, 2021. "Studies on Energy Consumption of Electric Light Commercial Vehicle Powered by In-Wheel Drive Modules," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-28, November.
    4. Mitsuhide Sato & Keigo Takazawa & Manabu Horiuchi & Ryoken Masuda & Ryo Yoshida & Masami Nirei & Yinggang Bu & Tsutomu Mizuno, 2020. "Reducing Rotor Temperature Rise in Concentrated Winding Motor by Using Magnetic Powder Mixed Resin Ring," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-15, December.
    5. Pedram Asef & Ramon Bargallo & Andrew Lapthorn & Davide Tavernini & Lingyun Shao & Aldo Sorniotti, 2021. "Assessment of the Energy Consumption and Drivability Performance of an IPMSM-Driven Electric Vehicle Using Different Buried Magnet Arrangements," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-22, March.
    6. Shilei Zhou & Paul Walker & Yang Tian & Cong Thanh Nguyen & Nong Zhang, 2021. "Comparison on Energy Economy and Vibration Characteristics of Electric and Hydraulic in-Wheel Drive Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-15, April.
    7. Kwon, Kihan & Jo, Junhyeong & Min, Seungjae, 2021. "Multi-objective gear ratio and shifting pattern optimization of multi-speed transmissions for electric vehicles considering variable transmission efficiency," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C).

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