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Rankine Carnot Batteries with the Integration of Thermal Energy Sources: A Review

Author

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  • Guido Francesco Frate

    (Department of Energy, System, Territory and Construction Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy)

  • Lorenzo Ferrari

    (Department of Energy, System, Territory and Construction Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy)

  • Umberto Desideri

    (Department of Energy, System, Territory and Construction Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy)

Abstract

This paper provides an overview of a novel electric energy storage technology. The Thermally Integrated Pumped Thermal Electricity Storage (TI-PTES) stores electric energy as thermal exergy. Compared to standard PTES, TI-PTES takes advantage of both electric and low-temperature heat inputs. Therefore, TI-PTES is a hybrid technology between storage and electric production from low-temperature heat. TI-PTES belongs to a technology group informally referred to as Carnot Batteries (CBs). As the TI-PTES grows in popularity, several configurations have been proposed, with different claimed performances, but no standard has emerged to date. The study provides an overview of the component and operating fluid selection, and it describes the configurations proposed in the literature. Some issues regarding the performance, the ratio between thermal and electrical inputs, and the actual TI-PTES utilisation in realistic scenarios are discussed. As a result, some guidelines are defined. The configurations that utilise high-temperature thermal reservoirs are more extensively studied, due to their superior thermodynamic performance. However, low-temperature TI-PTES may achieve similar performance and have easier access to latent heat storage in the form of water ice. Finally, to achieve satisfactory performance, TI-PTES must absorb a thermal input several times larger than the electric one. This limits TI-PTES to small-scale applications.

Suggested Citation

  • Guido Francesco Frate & Lorenzo Ferrari & Umberto Desideri, 2020. "Rankine Carnot Batteries with the Integration of Thermal Energy Sources: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-28, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:18:p:4766-:d:412738
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    Cited by:

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    6. Blanquiceth, J. & Cardemil, J.M. & Henríquez, M. & Escobar, R., 2023. "Thermodynamic evaluation of a pumped thermal electricity storage system integrated with large-scale thermal power plants," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 175(C).
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    12. Zhang, Yanchao & Xie, Zhenzhen, 2022. "Thermodynamic efficiency and bounds of pumped thermal electricity storage under whole process ecological optimization," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 188(C), pages 711-720.
    13. Emanuele Nadalon & Ronelly De Souza & Melchiorre Casisi & Mauro Reini, 2023. "Part-Load Energy Performance Assessment of a Pumped Thermal Energy Storage System for an Energy Community," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-30, July.
    14. Sui, Yunren & Lin, Haosheng & Ding, Zhixiong & Li, Fuxiang & Sui, Zengguang & Wu, Wei, 2024. "Compact, efficient, and affordable absorption Carnot battery for long-term renewable energy storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 357(C).
    15. Matteo Marchionni & Roberto Cipollone, 2023. "Liquid CO 2 and Liquid Air Energy Storage Systems: A Thermodynamic Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-21, June.
    16. Zhao, Yongliang & Song, Jian & Liu, Ming & Zhao, Yao & Olympios, Andreas V. & Sapin, Paul & Yan, Junjie & Markides, Christos N., 2022. "Thermo-economic assessments of pumped-thermal electricity storage systems employing sensible heat storage materials," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 186(C), pages 431-456.
    17. Eppinger, Bernd & Steger, Daniel & Regensburger, Christoph & Karl, Jürgen & Schlücker, Eberhard & Will, Stefan, 2021. "Carnot battery: Simulation and design of a reversible heat pump-organic Rankine cycle pilot plant," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    18. Frate, Guido Francesco & Baccioli, Andrea & Bernardini, Leonardo & Ferrari, Lorenzo, 2022. "Assessment of the off-design performance of a solar thermally-integrated pumped-thermal energy storage," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 201(P1), pages 636-650.

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