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Minimization of Construction Costs for an All Battery-Swapping Electric-Bus Transportation System: Comparison with an All Plug-In System

Author

Listed:
  • Shyang-Chyuan Fang

    (Department of Tourism and Leisure, National Penghu University of Science and Technology, Makung 880, Taiwan)

  • Bwo-Ren Ke

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, National Penghu University of Science and Technology, Makunk 880, Taiwan)

  • Chen-Yuan Chung

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, National Penghu University of Science and Technology, Makunk 880, Taiwan)

Abstract

The greenhouse gases and air pollution generated by extensive energy use have exacerbated climate change. Electric-bus (e-bus) transportation systems help reduce pollution and carbon emissions. This study analyzed the minimization of construction costs for an all battery-swapping public e-bus transportation system. A simulation was conducted according to existing timetables and routes. Daytime charging was incorporated during the hours of operation; the two parameters of the daytime charging scheme were the residual battery capacity and battery-charging energy during various intervals of daytime peak electricity hours. The parameters were optimized using three algorithms: particle swarm optimization (PSO), a genetic algorithm (GA), and a PSO–GA. This study observed the effects of optimization on cost changes (e.g., number of e-buses, on-board battery capacity, number of extra batteries, charging facilities, and energy consumption) and compared the plug-in and battery-swapping e-bus systems. The results revealed that daytime charging can reduce the construction costs of both systems. In contrast to the other two algorithms, the PSO–GA yielded the most favorable optimization results for the charging scheme. Finally, according to the cases investigated and the parameters of this study, the construction cost of the plug-in e-bus system was shown to be lower than that of the battery-swapping e-bus system.

Suggested Citation

  • Shyang-Chyuan Fang & Bwo-Ren Ke & Chen-Yuan Chung, 2017. "Minimization of Construction Costs for an All Battery-Swapping Electric-Bus Transportation System: Comparison with an All Plug-In System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-20, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:10:y:2017:i:7:p:890-:d:103191
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    2. Bwo-Ren Ke & Shyang-Chyuan Fang & Jun-Hong Lai, 2022. "Adjustment of bus departure time of an electric bus transportation system for reducing costs and carbon emissions: A case study in Penghu," Energy & Environment, , vol. 33(4), pages 728-751, June.
    3. Sun, Hao & Yang, Jun & Yang, Chao, 2019. "A robust optimization approach to multi-interval location-inventory and recharging planning for electric vehicles," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 59-75.
    4. Kayhan Alamatsaz & Sadam Hussain & Chunyan Lai & Ursula Eicker, 2022. "Electric Bus Scheduling and Timetabling, Fast Charging Infrastructure Planning, and Their Impact on the Grid: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-39, October.
    5. Jing Wang & Heqi Wang & Chunguang Wang, 2023. "Optimal Charging Pile Configuration and Charging Scheduling for Electric Bus Routes Considering the Impact of Ambient Temperature on Charging Power," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-16, April.
    6. Andrzej Łebkowski, 2019. "Studies of Energy Consumption by a City Bus Powered by a Hybrid Energy Storage System in Variable Road Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-39, March.
    7. Zhang, Jie & Bai, Lihui & Jin, Tongdan, 2021. "Joint planning for battery swap and supercharging networks with priority service queues," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 233(C).

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