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Evaluating parking load in geofenced bike-sharing systems: A case study of Xiamen Island

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  • Zhang, Xuxilu
  • Gu, Lingqi
  • Soriguera, Francesc
  • Zhao, Nan

Abstract

Geofenced bike-sharing systems (GFBSSs) offer flexibility and user convenience but face challenges from imbalances between Points of Interest (POI) distributions, parking capacity, and demand, resulting in varying degrees of parking pressure. This study uses the Parking Load Index (PLI), a metric to assess parking load and identify spatial–temporal imbalances. Utilizing multi-source data and spatiotemporal analysis, 134 overloaded parking fences on Xiamen Island were identified and classified into three distinct types during morning peak hours, each with unique characteristics. Finally, tailored strategies such as dynamic parking allocation, demand-responsive policies, and infrastructure improvements are proposed to address the challenges related to parking capacity. The paper aims to improve parking efficiency and enhance user experience, offering valuable insights to optimize bike-sharing systems within rapidly evolving urban transportation networks.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhang, Xuxilu & Gu, Lingqi & Soriguera, Francesc & Zhao, Nan, 2025. "Evaluating parking load in geofenced bike-sharing systems: A case study of Xiamen Island," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 838-852.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:trapol:v:171:y:2025:i:c:p:838-852
    DOI: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2025.07.008
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