IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/transb/v127y2019icp178-200.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Carpooling with heterogeneous users in the bottleneck model

Author

Listed:
  • Yu, Xiaojuan
  • van den Berg, Vincent A.C.
  • Verhoef, Erik T.

Abstract

We investigate the effects of carpooling in a dynamic equilibrium model of congestion, which captures various dimensions of heterogeneity: heterogeneity in the preference for and cost of carpooling, heterogeneity in values of time and values of schedule delay. We investigate various policy scenarios: no-toll, first-best pricing, and subsidization of carpooling. The optimally differentiated subsidy equals each type of users’ marginal external benefit (MEB) of switching to m-person carpooling or carpooling, which turns out to be heterogeneous for “ratio heterogeneity”, where the ratios of the values of time and schedule delay vary, and homogeneous for “proportional heterogeneity”, where these values vary in fixed proportion over the population. If such differentiation over users is impossible, the subsidy is a weighted average of the MEB’s, with the weights reflecting the relative sensitivity of the group size of carpoolers to the subsidy. Using a numerical example, we investigate the welfare effects and distributional effects of different policies. The relative efficiency of the differentiated subsidization first increases and then falls with the degree of ratio heterogeneity, and decreases over the entire parameter range and more with the degree of proportional heterogeneity.

Suggested Citation

  • Yu, Xiaojuan & van den Berg, Vincent A.C. & Verhoef, Erik T., 2019. "Carpooling with heterogeneous users in the bottleneck model," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 178-200.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:transb:v:127:y:2019:i:c:p:178-200
    DOI: 10.1016/j.trb.2019.07.003
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019126151830540X
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.trb.2019.07.003?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to look for a different version below or search for a different version of it.

    Other versions of this item:

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. van den Berg, Vincent A.C., 2014. "Coarse tolling with heterogeneous preferences," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 1-23.
    2. Arnott, Richard & de Palma, Andre & Lindsey, Robin, 1993. "A Structural Model of Peak-Period Congestion: A Traffic Bottleneck with Elastic Demand," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 83(1), pages 161-179, March.
    3. Small, Kenneth A., 2001. "The Value of Pricing," University of California Transportation Center, Working Papers qt0rm449sx, University of California Transportation Center.
    4. Kocur, George & Hendrickson, Chris, 1983. "A model to assess cost and fuel savings from ride sharing," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 17(4), pages 305-318, August.
    5. Robin Lindsey, 2004. "Existence, Uniqueness, and Trip Cost Function Properties of User Equilibrium in the Bottleneck Model with Multiple User Classes," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 38(3), pages 293-314, August.
    6. Small, Kenneth A. & Yan, Jia, 2001. "The Value of "Value Pricing" of Roads: Second-Best Pricing and Product Differentiation," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 49(2), pages 310-336, March.
    7. Train,Kenneth E., 2009. "Discrete Choice Methods with Simulation," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521766555, January.
    8. Takayama, Yuki & Kuwahara, Masao, 2017. "Bottleneck congestion and residential location of heterogeneous commuters," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 65-79.
    9. Vincent van den Berg & Erik T. Verhoef, 2011. "Congesting Pricing in a Road and Rail Network with Heterogeneous Values of Time and Schedule Delay," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 11-059/3, Tinbergen Institute, revised 24 May 2012.
    10. Ma, Rui & Zhang, H.M., 2017. "The morning commute problem with ridesharing and dynamic parking charges," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 345-374.
    11. Wu, Wen-Xiang & Huang, Hai-Jun, 2015. "An ordinary differential equation formulation of the bottleneck model with user heterogeneity," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 34-58.
    12. van den Berg, Vincent & Verhoef, Erik T., 2011. "Congestion tolling in the bottleneck model with heterogeneous values of time," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 45(1), pages 60-78, January.
    13. Masoud, Neda & Jayakrishnan, R., 2017. "A decomposition algorithm to solve the multi-hop Peer-to-Peer ride-matching problem," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 1-29.
    14. Xiao, Ling-Ling & Liu, Tian-Liang & Huang, Hai-Jun, 2016. "On the morning commute problem with carpooling behavior under parking space constraint," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 383-407.
    15. Yang, Hai & Huang, Hai-Jun, 1999. "Carpooling and congestion pricing in a multilane highway with high-occupancy-vehicle lanes," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 33(2), pages 139-155, February.
    16. Chen, Hongyu & Liu, Yang & Nie, Yu (Marco), 2015. "Solving the step-tolled bottleneck model with general user heterogeneity," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 210-229.
    17. Liu, Yang & Nie, Yu (Marco) & Hall, Jonathan, 2015. "A semi-analytical approach for solving the bottleneck model with general user heterogeneity," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 56-70.
    18. Djavadian, Shadi & Chow, Joseph Y.J., 2017. "An agent-based day-to-day adjustment process for modeling ‘Mobility as a Service’ with a two-sided flexible transport market," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 36-57.
    19. Hai-Jun Huang & Hai Yang & Michael G.H. Bell, 2000. "The models and economics of carpools," The Annals of Regional Science, Springer;Western Regional Science Association, vol. 34(1), pages 55-68.
    20. Gordon F. Newell, 1987. "The Morning Commute for Nonidentical Travelers," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 21(2), pages 74-88, May.
    21. van den Berg, Vincent & Verhoef, Erik T., 2011. "Winning or losing from dynamic bottleneck congestion pricing?: The distributional effects of road pricing with heterogeneity in values of time and schedule delay," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(7-8), pages 983-992, August.
    22. van den Berg, Vincent & Verhoef, Erik T., 2011. "Winning or losing from dynamic bottleneck congestion pricing?," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(7), pages 983-992.
    23. Small, Kenneth A, 1982. "The Scheduling of Consumer Activities: Work Trips," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 72(3), pages 467-479, June.
    24. Li, Zhi-Chun & Lam, William H.K. & Wong, S.C., 2017. "Step tolling in an activity-based bottleneck model," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 306-334.
    25. Erik T. Verhoef & Kenneth A. Small, 2004. "Product Differentiation on Roads," Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, University of Bath, vol. 38(1), pages 127-156, January.
    26. Masoud, Neda & Jayakrishnan, R., 2017. "A real-time algorithm to solve the peer-to-peer ride-matching problem in a flexible ridesharing system," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 218-236.
    27. Börjesson, Maria & Kristoffersson, Ida, 2014. "Assessing the welfare effects of congestion charges in a real world setting," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 339-355.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Huang, Zhihui & Long, Jiancheng & Szeto, W.Y. & Liu, Haoxiang, 2021. "Modeling and managing the morning commute problem with park-and-ride-sharing," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 190-226.
    2. Senlai Zhu & Hantao Yu & Congjun Fan, 2024. "Travel Plan Sharing and Regulation for Managing Traffic Bottleneck Based on Blockchain Technology," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-20, February.
    3. Konagane, Joji & Kono, Tatsuhito, 2021. "Heterogeneous Households’ Choices of Departure Time and Residential Location in a Multiple-origin Single-destination Rail System: Market Equilibrium and the First-best Solution," MPRA Paper 108507, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. Xiao, Ling-Ling & Liu, Tian-Liang & Huang, Hai-Jun & Liu, Ronghui, 2021. "Temporal-spatial allocation of bottleneck capacity for managing morning commute with carpool," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 177-200.
    5. R. Lamotte & A. de Palma & N. Geroliminis, 2020. "Impacts of Metering-Based Dynamic Priority Schemes," THEMA Working Papers 2020-14, THEMA (THéorie Economique, Modélisation et Applications), Université de Cergy-Pontoise.
    6. André de Palma & Lucas Javaudin & Patrick Stokkink & Léandre Tarpin-Pitre, 2022. "Ride-sharing with inflexible drivers in the Paris metropolitan area," Post-Print hal-03880692, HAL.
    7. Wu, Jiyan & Tian, Ye & Sun, Jian, 2023. "Managing ridesharing with incentives in a bottleneck model," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 101(C).
    8. Hu, Shichun & Dessouky, Maged M. & Uhan, Nelson A. & Vayanos, Phebe, 2021. "Cost-sharing mechanism design for ride-sharing," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 410-434.
    9. de Palma, André & Stokkink, Patrick & Geroliminis, Nikolas, 2022. "Influence of dynamic congestion with scheduling preferences on carpooling matching with heterogeneous users," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 155(C), pages 479-498.
    10. Li, Zhi-Chun & Huang, Hai-Jun & Yang, Hai, 2020. "Fifty years of the bottleneck model: A bibliometric review and future research directions," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 311-342.
    11. André de Palma & Lucas Javaudin & Patrick Stokkink & Léandre Tarpin-Pitre, 2021. "Modelling Ridesharing in a Large Network with Dynamic Congestion," THEMA Working Papers 2021-16, THEMA (THéorie Economique, Modélisation et Applications), Université de Cergy-Pontoise.
    12. Sun, Jian & Wu, Jiyan & Xiao, Feng & Tian, Ye & Xu, Xiangdong, 2020. "Managing bottleneck congestion with incentives," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 143-166.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Li, Zhi-Chun & Huang, Hai-Jun & Yang, Hai, 2020. "Fifty years of the bottleneck model: A bibliometric review and future research directions," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 311-342.
    2. Fu, Xinying & van den Berg, Vincent A.C. & Verhoef, Erik T., 2018. "Private road supply in networks with heterogeneous users," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 430-443.
    3. Vincent van den Berg, "undated". "Self-financing roads under coarse tolling and heterogeneous preferences," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 22-045/VIII, Tinbergen Institute.
    4. Chen, Hongyu & Liu, Yang & Nie, Yu (Marco), 2015. "Solving the step-tolled bottleneck model with general user heterogeneity," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 210-229.
    5. Wu, Wen-Xiang & Huang, Hai-Jun, 2015. "An ordinary differential equation formulation of the bottleneck model with user heterogeneity," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 34-58.
    6. Chen, Hongyu & Nie, Yu (Marco) & Yin, Yafeng, 2015. "Optimal multi-step toll design under general user heterogeneity," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 81(P3), pages 775-793.
    7. Vincent A.C. van den Berg & Erik T. Verhoef, 2015. "Robot Cars and Dynamic Bottleneck Congestion: The Effects on Capacity, Value of Time and Preference Heterogeneity," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 15-062/VIII, Tinbergen Institute, revised 11 Jul 2016.
    8. Kenneth Small, 2015. "The Bottleneck Model: An Assessment and Interpretation," Working Papers 141506, University of California-Irvine, Department of Economics.
    9. Takayama, Yuki, 2020. "Who gains and who loses from congestion pricing in a monocentric city with a bottleneck?," Economics of Transportation, Elsevier, vol. 24(C).
    10. Small, Kenneth A., 2015. "The bottleneck model: An assessment and interpretation," Economics of Transportation, Elsevier, vol. 4(1), pages 110-117.
    11. Liu, Peng & Liu, Jielun & Ong, Ghim Ping & Tian, Qiong, 2020. "Flow pattern and optimal capacity in a bi-modal traffic corridor with heterogeneous users," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    12. Xiao, Ling-Ling & Liu, Tian-Liang & Huang, Hai-Jun & Liu, Ronghui, 2021. "Temporal-spatial allocation of bottleneck capacity for managing morning commute with carpool," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 177-200.
    13. Takayama, Yuki, 2018. "Time-varying congestion tolling and urban spatial structure," MPRA Paper 89896, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    14. Fu, Yulan & Wang, Chenlan & Liu, Tian-Liang & Huang, Hai-Jun, 2021. "Parking management in the morning commute problem with ridesharing," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    15. Liu, Yang & Nie, Yu (Marco) & Hall, Jonathan, 2015. "A semi-analytical approach for solving the bottleneck model with general user heterogeneity," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 56-70.
    16. Long, Jiancheng & Szeto, W.Y., 2019. "Congestion and environmental toll schemes for the morning commute with heterogeneous users and parallel routes," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 305-333.
    17. Amirgholy, Mahyar & Shahabi, Mehrdad & Gao, H. Oliver, 2017. "Optimal design of sustainable transit systems in congested urban networks: A macroscopic approach," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 261-285.
    18. Tian, Qiong & Liu, Peng & Ong, Ghim Ping & Huang, Hai-Jun, 2021. "Morning commuting pattern and crowding pricing in a many-to-one public transit system with heterogeneous users," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
    19. Li, Zhi-Chun & Lam, William H.K. & Wong, S.C., 2017. "Step tolling in an activity-based bottleneck model," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 306-334.
    20. Takayama, Yuki & Kuwahara, Masao, 2017. "Bottleneck congestion and residential location of heterogeneous commuters," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 65-79.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Carpooling; Heterogeneity; Bottleneck model; Welfare effects; Distributional effects;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D62 - Microeconomics - - Welfare Economics - - - Externalities
    • H23 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
    • R41 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Transportation Economics - - - Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion; Travel Time; Safety and Accidents; Transportation Noise
    • R48 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Transportation Economics - - - Government Pricing and Policy

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:transb:v:127:y:2019:i:c:p:178-200. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/548/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.