IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/transa/v137y2020icp206-221.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

An empirical reappraisal of the four types of cyclists

Author

Listed:
  • Cabral, Laura
  • Kim, Amy M.

Abstract

The Four Types of Cyclists is a widely adopted typology developed by Portland’s Bicycle Coordinator, Roger Geller. No Way No How, Interested but Concerned, Enthused and Confident, and Strong and Fearless have become ubiquitous in academic literature and practice. However, the classification was subjectively developed and contains several known contradictions. This research aims to develop a data-driven typology using near-identical explanatory variables to those of the Four Types of Cyclists. The objective is to develop a typology with a similar functional purpose, but derived using statistical methods. An online survey was distributed to a panel of Edmonton, Canada, residents to this effect, and the use of video clips rather than descriptions is tested as a means to assess comfort on different types of cycling infrastructure. Cluster Correspondence Analysis is used to carry out the segmentations, including variables of comfort, cycling intent, and cycling in the previous summer. The survey sample tends to segment into three categories, as opposed to the four suggested by Geller: Uncomfortable or Uninterested, Cautious Majority, and Very Comfortable Cyclists. The Four Types of Cyclists typology is also shown to generate heterogeneous comfort patterns within each cyclist type, a limitation our empirically-derived segmentations overcome.

Suggested Citation

  • Cabral, Laura & Kim, Amy M., 2020. "An empirical reappraisal of the four types of cyclists," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 206-221.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:transa:v:137:y:2020:i:c:p:206-221
    DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2020.05.006
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856420305887
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.tra.2020.05.006?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ajzen, Icek, 1991. "The theory of planned behavior," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Elsevier, vol. 50(2), pages 179-211, December.
    2. Hennig, Christian, 2007. "Cluster-wise assessment of cluster stability," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 52(1), pages 258-271, September.
    3. Maarten Kroesen & Susan Handy, 2014. "The relation between bicycle commuting and non-work cycling: results from a mobility panel," Transportation, Springer, vol. 41(3), pages 507-527, May.
    4. M. Velden & A. Iodice D’Enza & F. Palumbo, 2017. "Cluster Correspondence Analysis," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 82(1), pages 158-185, March.
    5. Damant-Sirois, Gabriel & El-Geneidy, Ahmed M., 2015. "Who cycles more? Determining cycling frequency through a segmentation approach in Montreal, Canada," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 113-125.
    6. Meghan Winters & Gavin Davidson & Diana Kao & Kay Teschke, 2011. "Motivators and deterrents of bicycling: comparing influences on decisions to ride," Transportation, Springer, vol. 38(1), pages 153-168, January.
    7. Griswold, Julia B. & Yu, Mengqiao & Filingeri, Victoria & Grembek, Offer & Walker, Joan L., 2018. "A behavioral modeling approach to bicycle level of service," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 116(C), pages 166-177.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Guilhem Lecouteux & Léonard Moulin, 2023. "Cycling in the Aftermath of COVID-19: An Empirical Estimation of the Social Dynamics of Bicycle Adoption in Paris," GREDEG Working Papers 2023-02, Groupe de REcherche en Droit, Economie, Gestion (GREDEG CNRS), Université Côte d'Azur, France.
    2. Jadwiga Biegańska & Elżbieta Grzelak-Kostulska & Michał Adam Kwiatkowski, 2021. "A Typology of Attitudes towards the E-Bike against the Background of the Traditional Bicycle and the Car," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-21, December.
    3. Michael Hardinghaus & Simon Nieland & Marius Lehne & Jan Weschke, 2021. "More than Bike Lanes—A Multifactorial Index of Urban Bikeability," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-17, October.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Dandan Xu & Yang Bain & Shinan Shu & Xiaodong Zhang, 2022. "Staged Transition Process from Driving to Bicycling Based on the Effects of Latent Variables," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-14, September.
    2. Adsule, Poonam & Kadali, B Raghuram, 2024. "Analysis of contributing factors in decision to bicycle in developing countries context," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 147(C), pages 50-58.
    3. Thigpen, Calvin & Fischer, Jaimy & Nelson, Trisalyn & Therrien, Suzanne & Fuller, Daniel & Gauvin, Lise & Winters, Meghan, 2019. "Who is ready to bicycle? Categorizing and mapping bicyclists with behavior change concepts," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 11-17.
    4. Muñoz, Begoña & Monzon, Andres & López, Elena, 2016. "Transition to a cyclable city: Latent variables affecting bicycle commuting," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 4-17.
    5. Frank, Lawrence D. & Hong, Andy & Ngo, Victor Douglas, 2021. "Build it and they will cycle: Causal evidence from the downtown Vancouver Comox Greenway," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 1-11.
    6. Rahat Sabyrbekov & Indra Overland, 2020. "Why Choose to Cycle in a Low-Income Country?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-14, September.
    7. Bhat, Chandra R. & Mondal, Aupal, 2022. "A New Flexible Generalized Heterogeneous Data Model (GHDM) with an Application to Examine the Effect of High Density Neighborhood Living on Bicycling Frequency," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 244-266.
    8. Ahmad Nazrul Hakimi Ibrahim & Muhamad Nazri Borhan & Nur Shaeza Darus & Nor Aznirahani Mhd Yunin & Rozmi Ismail, 2022. "Understanding the Willingness of Students to Use Bicycles for Sustainable Commuting in a University Setting: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-20, March.
    9. Thigpen, Calvin, 2017. "The Reciprocal Relationship between Children and Young Adults' Travel Behavior and Their Travel Attitudes, Skills, and Norms," Institute of Transportation Studies, Working Paper Series qt383679dd, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Davis.
    10. Maria Andersson & Ola Eriksson & Chris Von Borgstede, 2012. "The Effects of Environmental Management Systems on Source Separation in the Work and Home Settings," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 4(6), pages 1-17, June.
    11. Tran Huy Phuong & Thanh Trung Hieu, 2015. "Predictors of Entrepreneurial Intentions of Undergraduate Students in Vietnam: An Empirical Study," International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, Human Resource Management Academic Research Society, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, vol. 5(8), pages 46-55, August.
    12. Clara Cardone-Riportella & María José Casasola-Martinez & Isabel Feito-Ruiz, 2014. "Do Entrepreneurs Come From Venus Or Mars? Impact Of Postgraduate Studies: Gender And Family Business Background," Working Papers 14.04, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Department of Financial Economics and Accounting (former Department of Business Administration), revised Sep 2014.
    13. Peng Cheng & Zhe Ouyang & Yang Liu, 0. "The effect of information overload on the intention of consumers to adopt electric vehicles," Transportation, Springer, vol. 0, pages 1-20.
    14. Ruijie Zhu & Guojing Zhao & Zehai Long & Yangjie Huang & Zhaoxin Huang, 2022. "Entrepreneurship or Employment? A Survey of College Students’ Sustainable Entrepreneurial Intentions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-15, May.
    15. Alsalem, Amani & Fry, Marie-Louise & Thaichon, Park, 2020. "To donate or to waste it: Understanding posthumous organ donation attitude," Australasian marketing journal, Elsevier, vol. 28(3), pages 87-97.
    16. Pan, Jing Yu & Liu, Dahai, 2022. "Mask-wearing intentions on airplanes during COVID-19 – Application of theory of planned behavior model," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 32-44.
    17. Benoît Lécureux & Adrien Bonnet & Ouassim Manout & Jaâfar Berrada & Louafi Bouzouina, 2022. "Acceptance of Shared Autonomous Vehicles: A Literature Review of stated choice experiments," Working Papers hal-03814947, HAL.
    18. Jacqueline Ruth & Steffen Willwacher & Oliver Korn, 2022. "Acceptance of Digital Sports: A Study Showing the Rising Acceptance of Digital Health Activities Due to the SARS-CoV-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(1), pages 1-16, January.
    19. Jariyasunant, Jerald & Carrel, Andre & Ekambaram, Venkatesan & Gaker, David & Sengupta, Raja & Walker, Joan L., 2012. "The Quantified Traveler: Changing transport behavior with personalized travel data feedback," University of California Transportation Center, Working Papers qt3047k0dw, University of California Transportation Center.
    20. Brown, Philip & Roper, Simon, 2017. "Innovation and networks in New Zealand farming," Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, vol. 61(3), July.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:transa:v:137:y:2020:i:c:p:206-221. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/547/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.