IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/riibaf/v76y2025ics0275531925000972.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Sustainable portfolio optimization: A multi-class framework for eco-friendly stocks

Author

Listed:
  • Wahid, Abdul
  • Kowalewski, Oskar

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of green stocks on portfolio performance over short- and long-term horizons and identifies key determinants influencing these returns. Stocks are categorized as green or non-green based on pre-IPO carbon emissions. The findings reveal that green stocks yield lower returns but exhibit superior portfolio efficiency in the short term compared to non-green stocks. Conversely, in the long run, green stocks outperform non-green stocks, demonstrating greater stability and profitability. Dual-class stocks deliver higher returns, which can be attributed to offshore risks and diversification benefits. Furthermore, parental market return dynamics and local currency exchange rate fluctuations significantly influence the performance of green stocks listed on AIM. Similarly, parental market dynamics and foreign exchange rate variability are critical factors affecting the returns of offshore stocks.

Suggested Citation

  • Wahid, Abdul & Kowalewski, Oskar, 2025. "Sustainable portfolio optimization: A multi-class framework for eco-friendly stocks," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:riibaf:v:76:y:2025:i:c:s0275531925000972
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ribaf.2025.102841
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0275531925000972
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.ribaf.2025.102841?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mona Mortazian, 2022. "Liquidity and Volatility of Stocks Moved from the Main Market to the Alternative Investment Market (AIM)," Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, Springer;Japanese Association of Financial Economics and Engineering, vol. 29(2), pages 195-220, June.
    2. Oliva, I. & Renò, R., 2018. "Optimal portfolio allocation with volatility and co-jump risk that Markowitz would like," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 242-256.
    3. Miller, Edward M, 1977. "Risk, Uncertainty, and Divergence of Opinion," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 32(4), pages 1151-1168, September.
    4. Olga Dodd & Aaron Gilbert, 2016. "The Impact of Cross-Listing on the Home Market's Information Environment and Stock Price Efficiency," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 51(3), pages 299-328, August.
    5. Loughran, Tim & Ritter, Jay R, 1995. "The New Issues Puzzle," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 50(1), pages 23-51, March.
    6. Khurshed, Arif & Kostas, Dimitris & Saadouni, Brahim, 2016. "Warrants in underwritten IPOs: The Alternative Investment Market (AIM) experience," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 97-109.
    7. Akhtaruzzaman, Md & Banerjee, Ameet Kumar & Boubaker, Sabri & Moussa, Faten, 2023. "Does green improve portfolio optimisation?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).
    8. Muhammad Jawad & Munazza Naz & Haseena Muqaddus, 2024. "A multi-criteria decision-making approach for portfolio selection by using an automatic spherical fuzzy AHP algorithm," Journal of the Operational Research Society, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 75(1), pages 85-98, January.
    9. De Bondt, Werner F M & Thaler, Richard, 1985. "Does the Stock Market Overreact?," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 40(3), pages 793-805, July.
    10. Ved Dilip Beloskar & S. V. D. Nageswara Rao, 2024. "Screening activity matters: Evidence from ESG portfolio performance from an emerging market," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 29(3), pages 2593-2619, July.
    11. Mumtaz, Muhammad Zubair & Yoshino, Naoyuki, 2021. "Greenness index: IPO performance and portfolio allocation," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    12. Colombo, Massimo G. & Meoli, Michele & Vismara, Silvio, 2019. "Signaling in science-based IPOs: The combined effect of affiliation with prestigious universities, underwriters, and venture capitalists," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 34(1), pages 141-177.
    13. Edmund H. Mantell, 2016. "A theory of underwriters’ risk management in a firm-commitment initial public offering," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 46(1), pages 179-193, January.
    14. Kashefi Pour, Eilnaz, 2017. "Entering the public bond market during the financial crisis: Underinvestment and asymmetric information costs," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 39(PA), pages 102-114.
    15. Reena Aggarwal & Ricardo Leal & Leonardo Hernandez, 1993. "The Aftermarket Performance of Initial Public Offerings in Latin America," Financial Management, Financial Management Association, vol. 22(1), Spring.
    16. Sturla Lyngnes Fjesme, 2020. "Foreign market portfolio concentration and performance," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 49(1), pages 161-177, March.
    17. Anderloni, Luisa & Tanda, Alessandra, 2017. "Green energy companies: Stock performance and IPO returns," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 39(PA), pages 546-552.
    18. Lee, Pei-Ling & Chin, Lee & Law, Siong Hook & Azman-Saini, W.N.W., 2019. "Analysing the Effect of Portfolio Concentration Index and Stock Market Correlation," Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, vol. 53(2), pages 165-176.
    19. Rahat, Birjees & Nguyen, Pascal, 2022. "Risk-adjusted investment performance of green and black portfolios and impact of toxic divestments in emerging markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 116(C).
    20. Du, Mengbing & Zhang, Xiaoling, 2020. "Urban greening: A new paradox of economic or social sustainability?," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
    21. Muhammad Zubair Mumtaz & Zachary A. Smith & Ather Maqsood Ahmed, 2016. "The Aftermarket Performance of Initial Public Offerings in Pakistan," Lahore Journal of Economics, Department of Economics, The Lahore School of Economics, vol. 21(1), pages 23-68, Jan-June.
    22. Larry Prober & Ilhan Meric & Gulser Meric, 2015. "Does Company Green Score Affect Stock Price?," Review of Business and Finance Studies, The Institute for Business and Finance Research, vol. 6(3), pages 11-19.
    23. Bazeet Olayemi Badru & Nurwati A. Ahmad-Zaluki, 2018. "Explaining IPO initial returns in Malaysia:ex anteuncertainty vs signalling," Asian Review of Accounting, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 26(1), pages 84-106, February.
    24. Xue, Bai & O'Sullivan, Noel, 2023. "The determinants of audit fees in the alternative investment market (Aim) in the UK: Evidence on the impact of risk, corporate governance and auditor size," Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Elsevier, vol. 50(C).
    25. Azra Zaimovic & Adna Omanovic & Almira Arnaut-Berilo, 2021. "How Many Stocks Are Sufficient for Equity Portfolio Diversification? A Review of the Literature," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-30, November.
    26. Masoud Rahiminezhad Galankashi & Farimah Mokhatab Rafiei & Maryam Ghezelbash, 2020. "Portfolio selection: a fuzzy-ANP approach," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 6(1), pages 1-34, December.
    27. Akhtaruzzaman, Md & Banerjee, Ameet Kumar & Ghardallou, Wafa & Umar, Zaghum, 2022. "Is greenness an optimal hedge for sectoral stock indices?," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 117(C).
    28. Horn, Matthias & Oehler, Andreas, 2024. "Constructing stock portfolios by sorting on ESG ratings: Does the rating provider matter?," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 96(PA).
    29. Mensi, Walid & Hammoudeh, Shawkat & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2015. "Precious metals, cereal, oil and stock market linkages and portfolio risk management: Evidence from Saudi Arabia," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 340-358.
    30. Ritter, Jay R, 1991. "The Long-run Performance of Initial Public Offerings," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 46(1), pages 3-27, March.
    31. Sercan Demiralay & Selçuk Bayracı, 2021. "Should stock investors include cryptocurrencies in their portfolios after all? Evidence from a conditional diversification benefits measure," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 26(4), pages 6188-6204, October.
    32. Kooli, Maher & Suret, Jean-Marc, 2004. "The aftermarket performance of initial public offerings in Canada," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 14(1), pages 47-66, February.
    33. Re‐Jin Guo & Baruch Lev & Charles Shi, 2006. "Explaining the Short‐ and Long‐Term IPO Anomalies in the US by R&D," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(3‐4), pages 550-579, April.
    34. Nischay Arora & Balwinder Singh, 2019. "Impact of Auditor and Underwriter Reputation on Underpricing of SME IPOs in India," Management and Labour Studies, XLRI Jamshedpur, School of Business Management & Human Resources, vol. 44(2), pages 193-208, May.
    35. Jonathan Fletcher, 2017. "Exploring the benefits of using stock characteristics in optimal portfolio strategies," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(3), pages 192-210, February.
    36. Apichat Chaweewanchon & Rujira Chaysiri, 2022. "Markowitz Mean-Variance Portfolio Optimization with Predictive Stock Selection Using Machine Learning," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-19, August.
    37. repec:eme:mfppss:v:33:y:2007:i:6:p:388-400 is not listed on IDEAS
    38. Rock, Kevin, 1986. "Why new issues are underpriced," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 15(1-2), pages 187-212.
    39. Cesari, Riccardo & Cremonini, David, 2003. "Benchmarking, portfolio insurance and technical analysis: a Monte Carlo comparison of dynamic strategies of asset allocation," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 27(6), pages 987-1011, April.
    40. Victoria Dobrynskaya, 2015. "Upside and Downside Risks in Momentum Returns," HSE Working papers WP BRP 50/FE/2015, National Research University Higher School of Economics.
    41. Fama, Eugene F, et al, 1969. "The Adjustment of Stock Prices to New Information," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 10(1), pages 1-21, February.
    42. Zeynep Cipiloglu Yildiz & Selim Baha Yildiz, 2022. "A portfolio construction framework using LSTM‐based stock markets forecasting," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(2), pages 2356-2366, April.
    43. Abdul Wahid & Nadeem Talib & Syed Asghar Abbas Naqvi, 2017. "Strategic Change in Operating Trends of Public Listed Companies and Its Impact on StockMarket Growth," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 56(4), pages 369-383.
    44. Edmund Mantell, 2016. "A theory of underwriters’ risk management in a firm-commitment initial public offering," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 46(1), pages 179-193, January.
    45. Re-Jin Guo & Baruch Lev & Charles Shi, 2006. "Explaining the Short- and Long-Term IPO Anomalies in the US by R&D," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(3-4), pages 550-579.
    46. Kerstin Awiszus & Agostino Capponi & Stefan Weber, 2022. "Market Efficient Portfolios in a Systemic Economy," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 70(2), pages 715-728, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Abdul WAHID & Muhammad Zubair MUMTAZ & Edmund H. MANTELL, 2020. "Short-Run Pricing Performance of Local and Dual Class IPOs in Alternative Investment Market," Journal for Economic Forecasting, Institute for Economic Forecasting, vol. 0(1), pages 57-74, March.
    2. Abdul Wahid & Muhammad Zubair Mumtaz, 2020. "Long-run price performance of local and dual class IPOs in alternative investment market," Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Rijeci/Proceedings of Rijeka Faculty of Economics, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Economics and Business, vol. 38(1), pages 71-100.
    3. Alanazi, Ahmed S. & Al-Zoubi, Haitham A., 2015. "Extreme IPO underpricing and the legal environment in wealthy emerging economies," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 83-103.
    4. Attiya Yasmin Javid & Henna Malik, 2016. "Performance and capital structure of IPOs in Pakistan from 2000 to 2015," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 2(1), pages 1-19, December.
    5. Peng, Xuan & Jia, Yibo & Chan, Kam C. & Wang, Xiongyuan, 2021. "Let us work together: The impact of customer strategic alliances on IPO underpricing and post-IPO performance," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    6. Wolfgang Bessler & Stefan Thies, 2006. "Initial Public Offerings, Subsequent Seasoned Equity Offerings, and Long-Run Performance: Evidence from IPOs in Germany," Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance, Pepperdine University, Graziadio School of Business and Management, vol. 11(3), pages 1-37, Fall.
    7. Danny Yeung, 2012. "The Impact of Institutional Ownership: A Study of the Australian Equity Market," PhD Thesis, Finance Discipline Group, UTS Business School, University of Technology, Sydney, number 11, July-Dece.
    8. Chen Su, 2018. "The efficiency of IPO issuing mechanisms and market conditions: evidence in China," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 51(2), pages 461-495, August.
    9. Henna Malik & Malik Muhammad Shehr Yar & Attiya Yasmin Javid, 2017. "New Issues Puzzle: Experience from Karachi Stock Exchange," Working Papers id:12182, eSocialSciences.
    10. Kooli, Maher & Suret, Jean-Marc, 2004. "The aftermarket performance of initial public offerings in Canada," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 14(1), pages 47-66, February.
    11. Satta, Giovanni & Notteboom, Theo & Parola, Francesco & Persico, Luca, 2017. "Determinants of the long-term performance of initial public offerings (IPOs) in the port industry," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 135-153.
    12. Wang, Zhuqing & Wang, Xinyu & Xu, Yan & Cheng, Qiuying, 2022. "Are green IPOs priced differently? Evidence from China," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 61(C).
    13. Lee, Chien-Chiang & Ning, Shaolin & Hsieh, Meng-Fen & Lee, Chi-Chuan, 2020. "The going-public decision and rent-seeking activities: Evidence from Chinese private companies," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 44(1).
    14. Kim, Jeong-Bon & Krinsky, Itzhak & Lee, Jason, 1995. "The aftermarket performance of initial public offerings in Korea," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 3(4), pages 429-448, December.
    15. Mumtaz, Muhammad Zubair & Yoshino, Naoyuki, 2021. "Greenness index: IPO performance and portfolio allocation," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    16. Seung‐Doo Choi & Inmoo Lee & William Megginson, 2010. "Do Privatization IPOs Outperform in the Long Run?," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 39(1), pages 153-185, March.
    17. Dorsman, André & Gounopoulos, Dimitrios, 2013. "European Sovereign Debt Crisis and the performance of Dutch IPOs," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 308-319.
    18. Southam, Colette & Jiang, Guoliang (Frank) & Todd, James & Tonkin, Isaac, 2024. "Impact of post-IPO investments on the long-term financial market performance of Japanese IPOs: A preregistered report," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).
    19. Jakobsen, Jan & Sørensen, Ole, 1999. "Decomposing and testing Long-run Returns with an application to initial public offerings in Denmark," Working Papers 2000-2, Copenhagen Business School, Department of Finance.
    20. Nugroho Sasikirono & Sumiati Sumiati & Nur Khusniyah Indrawati, 2018. "Underpricing and long-term market performance of initial public offerings in Indonesia: A quantile regression approach," Business and Economic Horizons (BEH), Prague Development Center, vol. 14(1), pages 152-167, January.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    JEL classification:

    • G11 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions
    • D40 - Microeconomics - - Market Structure, Pricing, and Design - - - General
    • F21 - International Economics - - International Factor Movements and International Business - - - International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:riibaf:v:76:y:2025:i:c:s0275531925000972. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ribaf .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.