IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v91y2018icp443-463.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The solutions to electric vehicle air conditioning systems: A review

Author

Listed:
  • Zhang, Zhenying
  • Wang, Jiayu
  • Feng, Xu
  • Chang, Li
  • Chen, Yanhua
  • Wang, Xingguo

Abstract

The air conditioning (AC) system provides cool, heating and ventilation in the cabin of the electric vehicles (EVs). It is necessary to control the interior thermal environments of the vehicle and ensure safety in visibility. Because AC systems are electrically powered, vehicle range is reduced drastically when the AC system is operating. EVs present a particular challenge to the development of more efficient AC systems for automotive applications. In this paper, the state of the art for various AC system solutions to EVs was critically reviewed. The investigations of alternative solutions are continuing along many parallel routes, e.g. vapor compression refrigeration-dedicated heater AC systems, reversible vapor compression heat pump AC systems, non-vapor compression AC systems and integrated thermal management system combined AC and battery pack. The characteristics and particular applications of each solution have been extensively discussed. Finally, a comparison listing the various pros and cons of the different available solutions was presented.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhang, Zhenying & Wang, Jiayu & Feng, Xu & Chang, Li & Chen, Yanhua & Wang, Xingguo, 2018. "The solutions to electric vehicle air conditioning systems: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 443-463.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:91:y:2018:i:c:p:443-463
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.005
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032118302144
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.005?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Hannan, M.A. & Azidin, F.A. & Mohamed, A., 2014. "Hybrid electric vehicles and their challenges: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 135-150.
    2. Hamut, H.S. & Dincer, I. & Naterer, G.F., 2012. "Exergy analysis of a TMS (thermal management system) for range-extended EVs (electric vehicles)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 46(1), pages 117-125.
    3. Austin, Brian T. & Sumathy, K., 2011. "Transcritical carbon dioxide heat pump systems: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(8), pages 4013-4029.
    4. Harby, K., 2017. "Hydrocarbons and their mixtures as alternatives to environmental unfriendly halogenated refrigerants: An updated overview," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 1247-1264.
    5. Chiu, Chien-Chin & Tsai, Nan-Chyuan & Lin, Chun-Chi, 2014. "Near-optimal order-reduced control for A/C (air-conditioning) system of EVs (electric vehicles)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 342-353.
    6. Ahn, Jae Hwan & Kang, Hoon & Lee, Ho Seong & Jung, Hae Won & Baek, Changhyun & Kim, Yongchan, 2014. "Heating performance characteristics of a dual source heat pump using air and waste heat in electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 1-9.
    7. Yoon Hyuk Shin & Seung Ku Ahn & Sung Chul Kim, 2016. "Performance Characteristics of PTC Elements for an Electric Vehicle Heating System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(10), pages 1-9, October.
    8. Javani, N. & Dincer, I. & Naterer, G.F., 2012. "Thermodynamic analysis of waste heat recovery for cooling systems in hybrid and electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 46(1), pages 109-116.
    9. Besagni, Giorgio & Mereu, Riccardo & Inzoli, Fabio, 2016. "Ejector refrigeration: A comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 373-407.
    10. Ziqi Zhang & Wanyong Li & Junye Shi & Jiangping Chen, 2016. "A Study on Electric Vehicle Heat Pump Systems in Cold Climates," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(11), pages 1-11, October.
    11. Colmenar-Santos, Antonio & Alberdi-Jiménez, Lucía & Nasarre-Cortés, Lorenzo & Mora-Larramona, Joaquín, 2014. "Residual heat use generated by a 12 kW fuel cell in an electric vehicle heating system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 182-190.
    12. Tie, Siang Fui & Tan, Chee Wei, 2013. "A review of energy sources and energy management system in electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 20(C), pages 82-102.
    13. Dai, Baomin & Liu, Shengchun & Zhu, Kai & Sun, Zhili & Ma, Yitai, 2017. "Thermodynamic performance evaluation of transcritical carbon dioxide refrigeration cycle integrated with thermoelectric subcooler and expander," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 787-800.
    14. Sumeru, K. & Nasution, H. & Ani, F.N., 2012. "A review on two-phase ejector as an expansion device in vapor compression refrigeration cycle," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(7), pages 4927-4937.
    15. Suh, In-Soo & Lee, Minyoung & Kim, Jedok & Oh, Sang Taek & Won, Jong-Phil, 2015. "Design and experimental analysis of an efficient HVAC (heating, ventilation, air-conditioning) system on an electric bus with dynamic on-road wireless charging," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 262-273.
    16. Moo-Yeon Lee & Ho-Seong Lee & Hong-Phil Won, 2012. "Characteristic Evaluation on the Cooling Performance of an Electrical Air Conditioning System Using R744 for a Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 5(5), pages 1-13, May.
    17. Qinghong Peng & Qungui Du, 2016. "Progress in Heat Pump Air Conditioning Systems for Electric Vehicles—A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(4), pages 1-17, March.
    18. Qin, Fei & Zhang, Guiying & Xue, Qingfeng & Zou, Huiming & Tian, Changqing, 2017. "Experimental investigation and theoretical analysis of heat pump systems with two different injection portholes compressors for electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(P2), pages 2085-2093.
    19. Chung-Won Cho & Ho-Seong Lee & Jong-Phil Won & Moo-Yeon Lee, 2012. "Measurement and Evaluation of Heating Performance of Heat Pump Systems Using Wasted Heat from Electric Devices for an Electric Bus," Energies, MDPI, vol. 5(3), pages 1-12, March.
    20. Amjad, Shaik & Neelakrishnan, S. & Rudramoorthy, R., 2010. "Review of design considerations and technological challenges for successful development and deployment of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(3), pages 1104-1110, April.
    21. Ahn, Jae Hwan & Lee, Joo Seong & Baek, Changhyun & Kim, Yongchan, 2016. "Performance improvement of a dehumidifying heat pump using an additional waste heat source in electric vehicles with low occupancy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(P1), pages 67-75.
    22. Rao, Zhonghao & Wang, Shuangfeng, 2011. "A review of power battery thermal energy management," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(9), pages 4554-4571.
    23. Qi, Zhaogang, 2014. "Advances on air conditioning and heat pump system in electric vehicles – A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 754-764.
    24. Ahn, Jae Hwan & Kang, Hoon & Lee, Ho Seong & Kim, Yongchan, 2015. "Performance characteristics of a dual-evaporator heat pump system for effective dehumidifying and heating of a cabin in electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 29-37.
    25. Ma, Yitai & Liu, Zhongyan & Tian, Hua, 2013. "A review of transcritical carbon dioxide heat pump and refrigeration cycles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 156-172.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Jung, Jongho & Jeon, Yongseok & Cho, Wonhee & Kim, Yongchan, 2020. "Effects of injection-port angle and internal heat exchanger length in vapor injection heat pumps for electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 193(C).
    2. Zhang, Nan & Lu, Yiji & Ouderji, Zahra Hajabdollahi & Yu, Zhibin, 2023. "Review of heat pump integrated energy systems for future zero-emission vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 273(C).
    3. Ahmed, Hossam A. & Megahed, Tamer F. & Mori, Shinsuke & Nada, Sameh & Hassan, Hamdy, 2023. "Novel design of thermo-electric air conditioning system integrated with PV panel for electric vehicles: Performance evaluation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 349(C).
    4. Sørensen, Åse Lekang & Ludvigsen, Bjørn & Andresen, Inger, 2023. "Grid-connected cabin preheating of Electric Vehicles in cold climates – A non-flexible share of the EV energy use," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 341(C).
    5. Ibrahim, Amier & Jiang, Fangming, 2021. "The electric vehicle energy management: An overview of the energy system and related modeling and simulation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
    6. Yue, Chen & Tong, Le & Zhang, Shizhong, 2019. "Thermal and economic analysis on vehicle energy supplying system based on waste heat recovery organic Rankine cycle," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C), pages 241-255.
    7. Ivan Cvok & Igor Ratković & Joško Deur, 2021. "Multi-Objective Optimisation-Based Design of an Electric Vehicle Cabin Heating Control System for Improved Thermal Comfort and Driving Range," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-24, February.
    8. Xu, Jiamin & Zhang, Caizhi & Wan, Zhongmin & Chen, Xi & Chan, Siew Hwa & Tu, Zhengkai, 2022. "Progress and perspectives of integrated thermal management systems in PEM fuel cell vehicles: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
    9. Ivan Cvok & Igor Ratković & Joško Deur, 2020. "Optimisation of Control Input Allocation Maps for Electric Vehicle Heat Pump-based Cabin Heating Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-23, October.
    10. Penning, Andrew K. & Weibel, Justin A., 2023. "Assessing the influence of glass properties on cabin solar heating and range of an electric vehicle using a comprehensive system model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 339(C).
    11. Hu, Dong & Huang, Chao & Yin, Guodong & Li, Yangmin & Huang, Yue & Huang, Hailong & Wu, Jingda & Li, Wenfei & Xie, Hui, 2024. "A transfer-based reinforcement learning collaborative energy management strategy for extended-range electric buses with cabin temperature comfort consideration," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).
    12. Marco Bernagozzi & Nicolas Miché & Anastasios Georgoulas & Cedric Rouaud & Marco Marengo, 2021. "Performance of an Environmentally Friendly Alternative Fluid in a Loop Heat Pipe-Based Battery Thermal Management System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-19, November.
    13. Huang, Xianghui & Li, Kuining & Xie, Yi & Liu, Bin & Liu, Jiangyan & Liu, Zhaoming & Mou, Lunjie, 2022. "A novel multistage constant compressor speed control strategy of electric vehicle air conditioning system based on genetic algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).
    14. Yu, Binbin & Yang, Jingye & Wang, Dandong & Shi, Junye & Guo, Zhikai & Chen, Jiangping, 2019. "Experimental energetic analysis of CO2/R41 blends in automobile air-conditioning and heat pump systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(C), pages 1142-1153.
    15. Liu, Yang & Zheng, Ruowei & Li, Ji, 2022. "High latent heat phase change materials (PCMs) with low melting temperature for thermal management and storage of electronic devices and power batteries: Critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    16. Song, Yulong & Wang, Haidan & Ma, Yuan & Yin, Xiang & Cao, Feng, 2022. "Energetic, economic, environmental investigation of carbon dioxide as the refrigeration alternative in new energy bus/railway vehicles’ air conditioning systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 305(C).
    17. Zhao, Weiwei & Zhang, Tongtong & Kildahl, Harriet & Ding, Yulong, 2022. "Mobile energy recovery and storage: Multiple energy-powered EVs and refuelling stations," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 257(C).
    18. Kang Li & Jun Yu & Mingkang Liu & Dan Xu & Lin Su & Yidong Fang, 2020. "A Study of Optimal Refrigerant Charge Amount Determination for Air-Conditioning Heat Pump System in Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-18, February.
    19. Lin, Yuancheng & Chong, Chin Hao & Ma, Linwei & Li, Zheng & Ni, Weidou, 2022. "Quantification of waste heat potential in China: A top-down Societal Waste Heat Accounting Model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(PB).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Qinghong Peng & Qungui Du, 2016. "Progress in Heat Pump Air Conditioning Systems for Electric Vehicles—A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(4), pages 1-17, March.
    2. Yu, Binbin & Yang, Jingye & Wang, Dandong & Shi, Junye & Chen, Jiangping, 2019. "An updated review of recent advances on modified technologies in transcritical CO2 refrigeration cycle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    3. Xu, Jiamin & Zhang, Caizhi & Wan, Zhongmin & Chen, Xi & Chan, Siew Hwa & Tu, Zhengkai, 2022. "Progress and perspectives of integrated thermal management systems in PEM fuel cell vehicles: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
    4. Song, Yulong & Wang, Haidan & Ma, Yuan & Yin, Xiang & Cao, Feng, 2022. "Energetic, economic, environmental investigation of carbon dioxide as the refrigeration alternative in new energy bus/railway vehicles’ air conditioning systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 305(C).
    5. Jung, Jongho & Jeon, Yongseok & Cho, Wonhee & Kim, Yongchan, 2020. "Effects of injection-port angle and internal heat exchanger length in vapor injection heat pumps for electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 193(C).
    6. Xu, X.M. & He, R., 2014. "Review on the heat dissipation performance of battery pack with different structures and operation conditions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 301-315.
    7. Tong-Bou Chang & Jer-Jia Sheu & Jhong-Wei Huang, 2020. "High-Efficiency HVAC System with Defog/Dehumidification Function for Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-12, December.
    8. Caiyang Wei & Theo Hofman & Esin Ilhan Caarls & Rokus van Iperen, 2019. "Integrated Energy and Thermal Management for Electrified Powertrains," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-24, May.
    9. Das, Himadry Shekhar & Tan, Chee Wei & Yatim, A.H.M., 2017. "Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles: A review on power conditioning units and topologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 268-291.
    10. Riba, Jordi-Roger & López-Torres, Carlos & Romeral, Luís & Garcia, Antoni, 2016. "Rare-earth-free propulsion motors for electric vehicles: A technology review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 367-379.
    11. Zhang, Sijie & Zhao, Rui & Liu, Jie & Gu, Junjie, 2014. "Investigation on a hydrogel based passive thermal management system for lithium ion batteries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 854-861.
    12. Han, Xinxin & Zou, Huiming & Wu, Jiang & Tian, Changqing & Tang, Mingsheng & Huang, Guangyan, 2020. "Investigation on the heating performance of the heat pump with waste heat recovery for the electric bus," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 835-848.
    13. Yan Wang & Qing Gao & Tianshi Zhang & Guohua Wang & Zhipeng Jiang & Yunxia Li, 2017. "Advances in Integrated Vehicle Thermal Management and Numerical Simulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-30, October.
    14. Wang, L.W. & Jiang, L. & Gao, J. & Gao, P. & Wang, R.Z., 2017. "Analysis of resorption working pairs for air conditioners of electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C), pages 594-603.
    15. Mahmoudzadeh Andwari, Amin & Pesiridis, Apostolos & Rajoo, Srithar & Martinez-Botas, Ricardo & Esfahanian, Vahid, 2017. "A review of Battery Electric Vehicle technology and readiness levels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 414-430.
    16. Caiyang Wei & Theo Hofman & Esin Ilhan Caarls & Rokus van Iperen, 2020. "A Review of the Integrated Design and Control of Electrified Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-31, October.
    17. James Jeffs & Andrew McGordon & Alessandro Picarelli & Simon Robinson & Yashraj Tripathy & Widanalage Dhammika Widanage, 2018. "Complex Heat Pump Operational Mode Identification and Comparison for Use in Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-24, August.
    18. Mohanraj, M. & Belyayev, Ye. & Jayaraj, S. & Kaltayev, A., 2018. "Research and developments on solar assisted compression heat pump systems – A comprehensive review (Part A: Modeling and modifications)," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 90-123.
    19. Alegre, Susana & Míguez, Juan V. & Carpio, José, 2017. "Modelling of electric and parallel-hybrid electric vehicle using Matlab/Simulink environment and planning of charging stations through a geographic information system and genetic algorithms," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 1020-1027.
    20. Zhang, Nan & Lu, Yiji & Ouderji, Zahra Hajabdollahi & Yu, Zhibin, 2023. "Review of heat pump integrated energy systems for future zero-emission vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 273(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:91:y:2018:i:c:p:443-463. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.