IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v216y2025ics1364032125003077.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Unveiling the impact of internal structure on boil-off gas generation in moving liquid hydrogen (LH2) transport trailer

Author

Listed:
  • Im, Jingyeong
  • Kwon, Taeho
  • Lee, Seungho
  • Kim, Donghan
  • Cho, Hyungtae
  • Won, Wangyun
  • Gu, Boram

Abstract

Global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have increased interest in hydrogen as a clean energy source. However, efficient storage and transportation of liquid hydrogen present significant challenges, particularly due to the generation of boil-off gas (BOG) during transit. This study investigated the effectiveness of sloshing-damping structures within cryogenic liquid hydrogen tankers to reduce BOG generation under road transportation conditions. Six tanker configurations––unbaffled, solid baffled, center-holed baffled, porous baffled, ball-filled baffle, and multi-orifice baffled––were analyzed using three-dimensional computational simulations. The simulations utilized a three-step simulation process incorporating stationary initialization, acceleration, and constant-velocity phases to examine the effects of different internal geometries on convective velocities, temperature and pressure distributions, and vapor–liquid interface fluctuations. The results show that the multi-orifice baffled tanker achieves the highest reduction in BOG, yielding a boil-off rate (BOR) up to 44 % compared with other designs. Additionally, baffle ball-filled tankers exhibited unique vaporization patterns. These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing tanker designs to ensure stable transit and minimize hydrogen loss. The developed simulation framework can further support hydrogen loss predictions across various transportation scenarios, promoting more efficient hydrogen transport solutions.

Suggested Citation

  • Im, Jingyeong & Kwon, Taeho & Lee, Seungho & Kim, Donghan & Cho, Hyungtae & Won, Wangyun & Gu, Boram, 2025. "Unveiling the impact of internal structure on boil-off gas generation in moving liquid hydrogen (LH2) transport trailer," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:216:y:2025:i:c:s1364032125003077
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2025.115634
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032125003077
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2025.115634?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Muhammad Aziz, 2021. "Liquid Hydrogen: A Review on Liquefaction, Storage, Transportation, and Safety," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-29, September.
    2. Wu, Sixian & Ju, Yonglin, 2021. "Numerical study of the boil-off gas (BOG) generation characteristics in a type C independent liquefied natural gas (LNG) tank under sloshing excitation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 223(C).
    3. Perez, Fernando & Al Ghafri, Saif Z.S. & Gallagher, Liam & Siahvashi, Arman & Ryu, Yonghee & Kim, Sungwoo & Kim, Sung Gyu & Johns, Michael L. & May, Eric F., 2021. "Measurements of boil-off gas and stratification in cryogenic liquid nitrogen with implications for the storage and transport of liquefied natural gas," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 222(C).
    4. Jessie R. Smith & Savvas Gkantonas & Epaminondas Mastorakos, 2022. "Modelling of Boil-Off and Sloshing Relevant to Future Liquid Hydrogen Carriers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-32, March.
    5. Louis Schlapbach & Andreas Züttel, 2001. "Hydrogen-storage materials for mobile applications," Nature, Nature, vol. 414(6861), pages 353-358, November.
    6. Juangsa, Firman Bagja & Prananto, Lukman Adi & Mufrodi, Zahrul & Budiman, Arief & Oda, Takuya & Aziz, Muhammad, 2018. "Highly energy-efficient combination of dehydrogenation of methylcyclohexane and hydrogen-based power generation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 226(C), pages 31-38.
    7. Mazloomi, Kaveh & Gomes, Chandima, 2012. "Hydrogen as an energy carrier: Prospects and challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(5), pages 3024-3033.
    8. Xue-lian Zheng & Xian-sheng Li & Yuan-yuan Ren & Yu-ning Wang & Jie Ma, 2013. "Effects of Transverse Baffle Design on Reducing Liquid Sloshing in Partially Filled Tank Vehicles," Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Hindawi, vol. 2013, pages 1-13, November.
    9. Ercelik, Mustafa & Ismail, Mohammed S. & Ingham, Derek B. & Hughes, Kevin J. & Ma, Lin & Pourkashanian, Mohamed, 2023. "Efficient X-ray CT-based numerical computations of structural and mass transport properties of nickel foam-based GDLs for PEFCs," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(PB).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Zhang, Tongtong & Uratani, Joao & Huang, Yixuan & Xu, Lejin & Griffiths, Steve & Ding, Yulong, 2023. "Hydrogen liquefaction and storage: Recent progress and perspectives," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 176(C).
    2. Fukunaga, Akihiko & Kato, Asami & Hara, Yuki & Matsumoto, Takaya, 2023. "Dehydrogenation of methylcyclohexane using solid oxide fuel cell – A smart energy conversion," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 348(C).
    3. Muhammad Aziz, 2021. "Liquid Hydrogen: A Review on Liquefaction, Storage, Transportation, and Safety," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-29, September.
    4. Muhammad Haris Hamayun & Ibrahim M. Maafa & Murid Hussain & Rabya Aslam, 2020. "Simulation Study to Investigate the Effects of Operational Conditions on Methylcyclohexane Dehydrogenation for Hydrogen Production," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-15, January.
    5. Kumar, Laveet & Sleiti, Ahmad K., 2025. "A comprehensive review of hydrogen safety through a metadata analysis framework," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 214(C).
    6. Daehoon Kang & Sungho Yun & Bo-kyong Kim, 2022. "Review of the Liquid Hydrogen Storage Tank and Insulation System for the High-Power Locomotive," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-13, June.
    7. Kang, Goanwoo & Im, Junyoung & Lee, Chul-Jin, 2024. "Operational strategy to minimize operating cost in LNG terminal using a comprehensive numerical boil-off gas model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 296(C).
    8. Morales-Ospino, R. & Celzard, A. & Fierro, V., 2023. "Strategies to recover and minimize boil-off losses during liquid hydrogen storage," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 182(C).
    9. Golrokh Sani, Ahmad & Najafi, Hamidreza & Azimi, Seyedeh Shakiba, 2022. "Dynamic thermal modeling of the refrigerated liquified CO2 tanker in carbon capture, utilization, and storage chain: A truck transport case study," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 326(C).
    10. Wang, Shun & Li, Zhenglong & Gao, Mingxia & Liu, Yongfeng & Pan, Hongge, 2025. "Low-temperature and reversible hydrogen storage advances of light metal borohydrides," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 208(C).
    11. Lesmana, Luthfan Adhy & Aziz, Muhammad, 2023. "Adoption of triply periodic minimal surface structure for effective metal hydride-based hydrogen storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(PA).
    12. Gil-Esmendia, Albert & Flores, Robert J. & Brouwer, Jack, 2025. "Modeling and improving liquid hydrogen transfer processes," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 390(C).
    13. Burton, N.A. & Padilla, R.V. & Rose, A. & Habibullah, H., 2021. "Increasing the efficiency of hydrogen production from solar powered water electrolysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    14. Roopnarain, Ashira & Rama, Haripriya & Ndaba, Busiswa & Bello-Akinosho, Maryam & Bamuza-Pemu, Emomotimi & Adeleke, Rasheed, 2021. "Unravelling the anaerobic digestion ‘black box’: Biotechnological approaches for process optimization," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
    15. Chung, Kyong-Hwan, 2010. "High-pressure hydrogen storage on microporous zeolites with varying pore properties," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(5), pages 2235-2241.
    16. Rasheed, Tahir & Ahmad, Rabia & Arishi, Ali, 2025. "Revolutionizing hydrogen production and storage: Harnessing the power of MXenes for a greener and sustainable future," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).
    17. Khan, Mohd Atiqueuzzaman & Ngo, Huu Hao & Guo, Wenshan & Liu, Yiwen & Zhang, Xinbo & Guo, Jianbo & Chang, Soon Woong & Nguyen, Dinh Duc & Wang, Jie, 2018. "Biohydrogen production from anaerobic digestion and its potential as renewable energy," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 129(PB), pages 754-768.
    18. Jorgen Depken & Alexander Dyck & Lukas Roß & Sören Ehlers, 2022. "Safety Considerations of Hydrogen Application in Shipping in Comparison to LNG," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-20, April.
    19. Rezaei, Mostafa & Akimov, Alexandr & Gray, Evan MacA., 2024. "Techno-economics of renewable hydrogen export: A case study for Australia-Japan," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 374(C).
    20. Lee, Boreum & Park, Junhyung & Lee, Hyunjun & Byun, Manhee & Yoon, Chang Won & Lim, Hankwon, 2019. "Assessment of the economic potential: COx-free hydrogen production from renewables via ammonia decomposition for small-sized H2 refueling stations," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1-1.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:216:y:2025:i:c:s1364032125003077. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.