IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jrpoli/v80y2023ics0301420722007255.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Natural resources and sustainable financial development: Evidence from South Asian economies

Author

Listed:
  • Zhang, Can
  • Liang, Qian

Abstract

In contemporary times, the existing literature provides a blurred image regarding the connection between natural resources and financial market development. Some studies validate the financial resource curse, while others reveal financial resource blessings. To reach a true conclusion, this study analyzes the impact of natural resources on financial market development in the presence of financial risk and technological innovation. Exploring the nexus in four South Asian economies, this study covers the period from 1990 to 2020. Due to the data's asymmetric distribution, this study uses the novel non-parametric (bootstrap quantile regression) technique. The empirical results revealed that natural resources are a curse in the development of financial markets. That is, natural resources are negatively associated with financial market development. On the other hand, financial risk and technological innovation are the substantial factors of financial market development, which positively affect financial markets throughout quantiles. The robustness of the model is also tested via parametric (robust regression) and non-parametric (panel quantile regression) approaches. Unidirectional causal impact is observed from natural resources, financial risk, technological innovation, and financial market development. Based on the empirical findings, this study directed the channelization of natural resources, reducing financial risk and enhancing investment in research, development, and human capital.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhang, Can & Liang, Qian, 2023. "Natural resources and sustainable financial development: Evidence from South Asian economies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jrpoli:v:80:y:2023:i:c:s0301420722007255
    DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.103282
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301420722007255
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.103282?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Xiangfeng Ji & Muhammad Umar & Shahid Ali & Wajid Ali & Kai Tang & Zeeshan Khan, 2021. "Does fiscal decentralization and eco‐innovation promote sustainable environment? A case study of selected fiscally decentralized countries," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 29(1), pages 79-88, January.
    2. Umar, Muhammad & Ji, Xiangfeng & Mirza, Nawazish & Rahat, Birjees, 2021. "The impact of resource curse on banking efficiency: Evidence from twelve oil producing countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    3. Yao, Meifang & Di, He & Zheng, Xianrong & Xu, Xiaobo, 2018. "Impact of payment technology innovations on the traditional financial industry: A focus on China," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 199-207.
    4. Nawaz, Kishwar & Lahiani, Amine & Roubaud, David, 2019. "Natural resources as blessings and finance-growth nexus: A bootstrap ARDL approach in an emerging economy," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 277-287.
    5. Han, Jingwei & Raghutla, Chandrashekar & Chittedi, Krishna Reddy & Tan, Zhixiong & Koondhar, Mansoor Ahmed, 2022. "How natural resources affect financial development? Fresh evidence from top-10 natural resource abundant countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    6. Abdelmajid Hmaittane & Kais Bouslah & Bouchra M’Zali, 2019. "Does corporate social responsibility affect the cost of equity in controversial industry sectors?," Review of Accounting and Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 18(4), pages 635-662, July.
    7. Dogan, Eyup & Madaleno, Mara & Altinoz, Buket, 2020. "Revisiting the nexus of financialization and natural resource abundance in resource-rich countries: New empirical evidence from nine indices of financial development," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    8. Umar, Muhammad & Mirza, Nawazish & Rizvi, Syed Kumail Abbas & Naqvi, Bushra, 2022. "ESG scores and target price accuracy: Evidence from sell-side recommendations in BRICS," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    9. Khan, Zeeshan & Ali, Shahid & Dong, Kangyin & Li, Rita Yi Man, 2021. "How does fiscal decentralization affect CO2 emissions? The roles of institutions and human capital," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    10. Ibrahim, Ridwan Lanre & Al-mulali, Usama & Ozturk, Ilhan & Bello, Ajide Kazeem & Raimi, Lukman, 2022. "On the criticality of renewable energy to sustainable development: Do green financial development, technological innovation, and economic complexity matter for China?," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 262-277.
    11. Sun, Yanpeng & Ak, Aysegul & Serener, Berna & Xiong, Deping, 2020. "Natural resource abundance and financial development: A case study of emerging seven (E−7) economies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    12. Dumitrescu, Elena-Ivona & Hurlin, Christophe, 2012. "Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 29(4), pages 1450-1460.
    13. Guan, Jialin & Kirikkaleli, Dervis & Bibi, Ayesha & Zhang, Weike, 2020. "Natural resources rents nexus with financial development in the presence of globalization: Is the “resource curse” exist or myth?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    14. Luigi Guiso & Paola Sapienza & Luigi Zingales, 2004. "The Role of Social Capital in Financial Development," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 94(3), pages 526-556, June.
    15. Xie, Xuemei & Huo, Jiage & Zou, Hailiang, 2019. "Green process innovation, green product innovation, and corporate financial performance: A content analysis method," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 697-706.
    16. Hsu, Ching-Chi & Ngo, Quang-Thanh & Chien, FengSheng & Li, Li & Mohsin, Muhammad, 2021. "Evaluating green innovation and performance of financial development: mediating concerns of environmental regulation," MPRA Paper 109671, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    17. Baland, Jean-Marie & Francois, Patrick, 2000. "Rent-seeking and resource booms," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 61(2), pages 527-542, April.
    18. Chishti, Muhammad Zubair & Sinha, Avik, 2022. "Do the shocks in technological and financial innovation influence the environmental quality? Evidence from BRICS economies," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    19. Maddala, G S & Wu, Shaowen, 1999. "A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and a New Simple Test," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 61(0), pages 631-652, Special I.
    20. Federica Ielasi & Monica Rossolini & Sara Limberti, 2018. "Sustainability-themed mutual funds: an empirical examination of risk and performance," Journal of Risk Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 19(3), pages 247-261, August.
    21. Baltagi, Badi H. & Demetriades, Panicos O. & Law, Siong Hook, 2009. "Financial development and openness: Evidence from panel data," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 89(2), pages 285-296, July.
    22. Moradbeigi, Maryam & Law, Siong Hook, 2017. "The role of financial development in the oil-growth nexus," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 164-172.
    23. Atil, Ahmed & Nawaz, Kishwar & Lahiani, Amine & Roubaud, David, 2020. "Are natural resources a blessing or a curse for financial development in Pakistan? The importance of oil prices, economic growth and economic globalization," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    24. Pesaran, M. H. & Shin, Y. & Smith, R. P., 1997. "Pooled Estimation of Long-run Relationships in Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels," Cambridge Working Papers in Economics 9721, Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge.
    25. Thorvaldur Gylfason & Gylfi Zoega, 2006. "Natural Resources and Economic Growth: The Role of Investment," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(8), pages 1091-1115, August.
    26. Muhammad Kamran Khan & Muhammad Imran Khan & Muhammad Rehan, 2020. "The relationship between energy consumption, economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in Pakistan," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 6(1), pages 1-13, December.
    27. Yiting Zeng & Feng Wang & Jun Wu, 2022. "The Impact of Green Finance on Urban Haze Pollution in China: A Technological Innovation Perspective," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-20, January.
    28. Abbasi, Kashif Raza & Hussain, Khadim & Haddad, Akram Masoud & Salman, Asma & Ozturk, Ilhan, 2022. "The role of Financial Development and Technological Innovation towards Sustainable Development in Pakistan: Fresh insights from consumption and territory-based emissions," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 176(C).
    29. Peterson Kitakogelu Ozili, 2021. "Has financial inclusion made the financial sector riskier?," Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 29(3), pages 237-255, January.
    30. Lu Wang & Ferhana Ahmad & Gong-li Luo & Muhammad Umar & Dervis Kirikkaleli, 2022. "Portfolio optimization of financial commodities with energy futures," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 313(1), pages 401-439, June.
    31. Yann Ferrat & Frédéric Daty & Radu Burlacu, 2021. "Short- and long-term effects of responsible investment growth on equity returns," Post-Print hal-03981373, HAL.
    32. Ozili, Peterson K, 2021. "Has financial inclusion made the financial sector riskier?," MPRA Paper 105529, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    33. Abdelmajid Hmaittane & Kais Bouslah & Bouchra M’Zali, 2019. "Does corporate social responsibility affect the cost of equity in controversial industry sectors?," Review of Accounting and Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 18(4), pages 635-662, July.
    34. Qin, Meng & Su, Chi-Wei & Tao, Ran, 2021. "BitCoin: A new basket for eggs?," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 896-907.
    35. Kishwar Nawaz & Amine Lahiani & David Roubaud, 2019. "Natural resources as blessings and finance-growth nexus: A bootstrap ARDL approach in an emerging economy," Post-Print hal-03532512, HAL.
    36. Umer Shahzad & Magdalena Radulescu & Syed Rahim & Cem Isik & Zahid Yousaf & Stefan Alexandru Ionescu, 2021. "Do Environment-Related Policy Instruments and Technologies Facilitate Renewable Energy Generation? Exploring the Contextual Evidence from Developed Economies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-25, January.
    37. Pan, Xiongfeng & Uddin, Md. Kamal & Han, Cuicui & Pan, Xianyou, 2019. "Dynamics of financial development, trade openness, technological innovation and energy intensity: Evidence from Bangladesh," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 456-464.
    38. Thorvaldur Gylfason, 2006. "Natural Resources and Economic Growth: From Dependence to Diversification," Springer Books, in: Harry G. Broadman & Tiiu Paas & Paul J.J. Welfens (ed.), Economic Liberalization and Integration Policy, pages 201-231, Springer.
    39. Ali, Adnan & Ramakrishnan, Suresh & Faisal,, 2022. "Financial development and natural resources. Is there a stock market resource curse?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
    40. Zeeshan Khan & Muhsin Ali & Dervis Kirikkaleli & Salman Wahab & Zhilun Jiao, 2020. "The impact of technological innovation and public‐private partnership investment on sustainable environment in China: Consumption‐based carbon emissions analysis," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(5), pages 1317-1330, September.
    41. Lingui Qin & Syed Raheem & Muntasir Murshed & Xu Miao & Zeeshan Khan & Dervis Kirikkaleli, 2021. "Does financial inclusion limit carbon dioxide emissions? Analyzing the role of globalization and renewable electricity output," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 29(6), pages 1138-1154, November.
    42. Ahmed Atil & Kishwar Nawaz & Amine Lahiani & David Roubaud, 2020. "Are natural resources a blessing or a curse for financial development in Pakistan? The importance of oil prices, economic growth and economic globalization," Post-Print hal-03676031, HAL.
    43. Su, Chi-Wei & Khan, Khalid & Umar, Muhammad & Chang, Tsangyao, 2022. "Renewable energy in prism of technological innovation and economic uncertainty," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 467-478.
    44. Su, Chi-Wei & Yuan, Xi & Umar, Muhammad & Lobonţ, Oana-Ramona, 2022. "Does technological innovation bring destruction or creation to the labor market?," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    45. Tang, Chang & Irfan, Muhammad & Razzaq, Asif & Dagar, Vishal, 2022. "Natural resources and financial development: Role of business regulations in testing the resource-curse hypothesis in ASEAN countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    46. Zhao, Xin & Nakonieczny, Joanna & Jabeen, Fauzia & Shahzad, Umer & Jia, Wenxing, 2022. "Does green innovation induce green total factor productivity? Novel findings from Chinese city level data," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
    47. Yann Ferrat & Frédéric Daty & Radu Burlacu, 2021. "Short- and long-term effects of responsible investment growth on equity returns," Journal of Risk Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 23(1), pages 1-13, December.
    48. Baharom Abdul Hamid & Wajahat Azmi & Mohsin Ali, 2020. "Bank Risk and Financial Development: Evidence From Dual Banking Countries," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 56(2), pages 286-304, January.
    49. Khan, Zeeshan & Hussain, Muzzammil & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Yang, Siqun & Jiao, Zhilun, 2020. "Natural resource abundance, technological innovation, and human capital nexus with financial development: A case study of China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    50. Lv, Chengchao & Shao, Changhua & Lee, Chien-Chiang, 2021. "Green technology innovation and financial development: Do environmental regulation and innovation output matter?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 98(C).
    51. Umar, Muhammad & Mirza, Nawazish & Hasnaoui, Jamila Abaidi & Rochoń, Małgorzata Porada, 2022. "The nexus of carbon emissions, oil price volatility, and human capital efficiency," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    52. Jun Gao & Niall O’Sullivan & Meadhbh Sherman, 2021. "Chinese securities investment funds: the role of luck in performance," Review of Accounting and Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 20(5), pages 271-297, October.
    53. Vithessonthi, Chaiporn, 2014. "The effect of financial market development on bank risk: evidence from Southeast Asian countries," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 35(C), pages 249-260.
    54. Yıldırım, Seda & Gedikli, Ayfer & Erdoğan, Seyfettin & Yıldırım, Durmuş Çağrı, 2020. "Natural resources rents-financial development nexus: Evidence from sixteen developing countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    55. Khan, Zeeshan & Ali, Muhsin & Jinyu, Liu & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Siqun, Yang, 2020. "Consumption-based carbon emissions and trade nexus: Evidence from nine oil exporting countries," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    56. Hussain, Muzzammil & Ye, Zhiwei & Bashir, Adnan & Chaudhry, Naveed Iqbal & Zhao, Yingjun, 2021. "A nexus of natural resource rents, institutional quality, human capital, and financial development in resource-rich high-income economies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    57. G. S. Maddala & Shaowen Wu, 1999. "A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and a New Simple Test," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 61(S1), pages 631-652, November.
    58. Chen, Zhonglu & Mirza, Nawazish & Huang, Lei & Umar, Muhammad, 2022. "Green Banking—Can Financial Institutions support green recovery?," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 389-395.
    59. Levin, Andrew & Lin, Chien-Fu & James Chu, Chia-Shang, 2002. "Unit root tests in panel data: asymptotic and finite-sample properties," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 108(1), pages 1-24, May.
    60. Jun Gao & Niall O’Sullivan & Meadhbh Sherman, 2021. "Chinese securities investment funds: the role of luck in performance," Review of Accounting and Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 20(5), pages 271-297, October.
    61. Yang, Jinxuan & Rizvi, Syed Kumail Abbas & Tan, Zhixiong & Umar, Muhammad & Koondhar, Mansoor Ahmed, 2021. "The competing role of natural gas and oil as fossil fuel and the non-linear dynamics of resource curse in Russia," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Adabor, Opoku, 2023. "The effect of financial development on natural gas resource rent in Ghana," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    2. Yao, Niaoer & Fabus, Michal & Hu, Lifeng & Qian, Fangbin, 2023. "Resource efficiency and economic sustainability in APEC: Assessing the financial sector's role," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PB).
    3. Wolde-Rufael, Yemane & Mulat-Weldemeskel, Eyob, 2023. "Is natural capital a blessing or a curse for capital accumulation in low income countries?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PA).
    4. Jian-Hang Wang & Yu-Hsien Wu & Phil Yihsing Yang & Hsiang-Yi Hsu, 2023. "Sustainable Innovation and Firm Performance Driven by FinTech Policies: Moderating Effect of Capital Adequacy Ratio," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-15, May.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ding, Yuanyi, 2023. "Does natural resources cause sustainable financial development or resources curse? Evidence from group of seven economies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    2. Gokmenoglu, Korhan K. & Rustamov, Bezhan, 2022. "The role of the natural resource abundance in the short and long run: The case of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    3. Çetin, Murat & Sarıgül, Sevgi Sümerli & Işık, Cem & Avcı, Pınar & Ahmad, Munir & Alvarado, Rafael, 2023. "The impact of natural resources, economic growth, savings, and current account balance on financial sector development: Theory and empirical evidence," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    4. Wang, Xiang & Yin, Jian & Yang, Yao & Muda, Iskandar & Abduvaxitovna, Shamansurova Zilola & AlWadi, Belal Mahmoud & Castillo-Picon, Jorge & Abdul-Samad, Zulkiflee, 2023. "Relationship between the resource curse, Forest management and sustainable development and the importance of R&D Projects," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PA).
    5. Liu, Kaiyuan & Afzal, Ayesha & Zhong, Yifan & Hasnaoui, Amir & Yue, Xiao-Guang, 2023. "Investigating the resource curse: Evidence from MENA and N-11 countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    6. Li, Menghan & Zhang, Kaiyue & Alamri, Ahmad Mohammed & Ageli, Mohammed Moosa & Khan, Numan, 2023. "Resource curse hypothesis and sustainable development: Evaluating the role of renewable energy and R&D," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    7. Zhang, Zhinan & Xu, Xiangyun, 2023. "Sustainable financial risk, resources abundance and technological innovation: Evidence from resources abundance economies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    8. Liang, Jinhao & Razzaq, Asif & Sharif, Arshian & Irfan, Muhammad, 2022. "Revisiting economic and non-economic indicators of natural resources: Analysis of developed economies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    9. Deng, Wei & Akram, Rabia & Mirza, Nawazish, 2022. "Economic performance and natural resources: Evaluating the role of economic risk," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    10. Li, Hui & Usman, Nazar & Coulibay, Megnoro Hamed & Phiri, Ruth & Tang, Xiaoying, 2022. "Does the resources curse hypothesis exist in China? What is the dynamic role of fiscal decentralization, economic policy uncertainty, and technology innovation for sustainable financial development?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    11. Han, Jingwei & Raghutla, Chandrashekar & Chittedi, Krishna Reddy & Tan, Zhixiong & Koondhar, Mansoor Ahmed, 2022. "How natural resources affect financial development? Fresh evidence from top-10 natural resource abundant countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    12. Khan, Zeeshan & Hossain, Mohammad Razib & Badeeb, Ramez Abubakr & Zhang, Changyong, 2023. "Aggregate and disaggregate impact of natural resources on economic performance: Role of green growth and human capital," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    13. Lin, Renzao & Wang, Zhe & Gao, Chunjiao, 2023. "Re-examining resources taxes and sustainable financial expansion: An empirical evidence of novel panel methods for China's provincial data," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    14. He, Jiao & Deng, Zhenghua, 2023. "Revisiting natural resources rents and sustainable financial development: Evaluating the role of mineral and forest for global data," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    15. Faryal, & Faisal, Faisal & Amin, Muhammad Yusuf & Haq, Zahoor Ul & Rahman, Sami Ur & Ali, Adnan, 2023. "Natural resources revenues, shadow economy and financial institutions depth: The way forward," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PB).
    16. Ali, Adnan & Ramakrishnan, Suresh & Faisal,, 2022. "Financial development and natural resources. Is there a stock market resource curse?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
    17. Adnan Ali & Suresh Ramakrishnan & Faisal Faisal & Tooba Akram & Sidra Salam & Sami Ur Rahman, 2023. "Bibliometric analysis of finance and natural resources: past trend, current development, and future prospects," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(11), pages 13035-13064, November.
    18. Zhang, Bo & Zhao, Meiyu & Tu, Yongqian, 2023. "Sustainable development and resources extraction: A novel perspective for resources rich economies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    19. Ali, Adnan & Ramakrishnan, Suresh & Faisal, Faisal & Ghazi H Sulimany, Hamid & Bazhair, Ayman Hassan, 2022. "Stock market resource curse: The moderating role of institutional quality," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    20. Khan, Yasir & Liu, Fang & Hassan, Taimoor, 2023. "Natural resources and sustainable development: Evaluating the role of remittances and energy resources efficiency," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:jrpoli:v:80:y:2023:i:c:s0301420722007255. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/inca/30467 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.