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Has financial inclusion made the financial sector riskier?

Author

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  • Peterson Kitakogelu Ozili

Abstract

Purpose - This paper aims to examine whether high levels of financial inclusion is associated with greater financial risk. Design/methodology/approach - The study uses regression methodology to estimate the effect of financial inclusion on financial risk. Findings - The findings reveal that higher account ownership is associated with greater financial risk through high non-performing loans and high-cost inefficiency in the financial sector of developed countries, advanced countries and transition economies. Increased use of debit cards, credit cards and digital finance products reduced risk in the financial sector of advanced countries and developed countries but not for transition economies and developing countries. The findings also show that the combined use of digital finance products with increased formal account ownership improves financial sector efficiency in developing countries while the combined use of credit cards with increased formal account ownership reduces insolvency risk and improves financial sector efficiency in developing countries. Research limitations/implications - The paper offers several implications for policy and financial regulation. It suggests policies that would reduce the financial risk that financial inclusion poses to the financial sector. Originality/value - The recent interest in financial inclusion and the unintended consequences of policy-driven financial inclusion in some parts of the world is raising concern about the risks that financial inclusion may introduce to the formal financial sector. Little is known about the risks that financial inclusion may pose to the financial sector.

Suggested Citation

  • Peterson Kitakogelu Ozili, 2021. "Has financial inclusion made the financial sector riskier?," Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 29(3), pages 237-255, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:eme:jfrcpp:jfrc-08-2020-0074
    DOI: 10.1108/JFRC-08-2020-0074
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Tuwe Soro Garbobiya & Olajide Oladipo & Paul Terhemba Iorember, 2024. "Financial inclusion and monetary policy targets: Evidence from the ECOWAS countries," Modern Finance, Modern Finance Institute, vol. 2(1), pages 84-100.
    2. Aamir Aijaz Syed, 2024. "The moderating role of governance, banking regulation, and supervision on shadow economy, financial inclusion, and financial stability nexus: a case of G5 economies," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 57(6), pages 1-31, December.
    3. Ozili, Peterson Kitakogelu, 2022. "Financial inclusion in Nigeria: an overview," MPRA Paper 113572, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. Muhammad Suhrab & Chen Pinglu & Ningyu Qian, 2024. "Equality in the digital age: leveraging technological innovation for fostering access to financial services," SN Business & Economics, Springer, vol. 4(12), pages 1-35, December.
    5. Peterson K. Ozili & David Mhlanga, 2024. "Why is financial inclusion so popular? An analysis of development buzzwords," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 36(1), pages 231-253, January.
    6. Shubham Chavriya & Gagan Deep Sharma & Mandeep Mahendru, 2024. "Financial inclusion as a tool for sustainable macroeconomic growth: An integrative analysis," Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 95(2), pages 527-551, June.
    7. Ozili, Peterson Kitakogelu, 2021. "Financial inclusion and legal system quality: are they correlated?," MPRA Paper 110518, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    8. Ozili, Peterson K, 2022. "Digital financial inclusion," MPRA Paper 113789, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    9. Koranteng, Barbara & You, Kefei, 2025. "Does P2P lending promote the traditional bank-based financial inclusion? Spatial evidence from 34 developing economies," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 77(PB).
    10. Zhang, Can & Liang, Qian, 2023. "Natural resources and sustainable financial development: Evidence from South Asian economies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    11. Mugabil Isayev, 2024. "Unraveling the interplay of financial inclusion, stability, and shadow banking in emerging markets," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 57(2), pages 1-17, April.

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    JEL classification:

    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • G28 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Government Policy and Regulation
    • O31 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives

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