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Non-profit fundraising activities in a war environment: An exploration of hindrance factors using a modified Z-HISA hybrid model

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  • Chang, Chia-Chi
  • Pai, Chun-Jui

Abstract

During times of war, the fundraising efforts undertaken by countries and non-profit organizations (NPOs) to assist refugees, are often faced by barriers hindering timely assistance. This study proposes a novel evaluation framework, the Z-number Heterogeneous Influence and Strength Attenuation (Z-HISA) model, to identify and assess 12 factors hindering NPO fundraising activities. An influence classification map (ICM) is used to categorize these factors into core, driving, independent, and influence categories, and management implications for improving NPO fundraising activities are offered. The results indicate that a lack of appealing fundraising themes, low confidence in NPOs, and poor copywriting planning are the most common hindering factors. Identifying these fundraising hindering factors can help NPOs develop strategies for improvement for fundraising, thereby improving fundraising success. On the academic side, the proposes novel hybrid model evaluation framework and methodological concepts can be extended to other industries or related fundraising issues.

Suggested Citation

  • Chang, Chia-Chi & Pai, Chun-Jui, 2025. "Non-profit fundraising activities in a war environment: An exploration of hindrance factors using a modified Z-HISA hybrid model," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jbrese:v:189:y:2025:i:c:s0148296325000323
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2025.115209
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