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Evaluating the impact of air transportation, railway transportation, and trade openness on inbound and outbound tourism in BRI countries

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  • Hussain, Muhammad Noshab

Abstract

This study investigates the effect of air transportation, railway transportation, and trade openness on inbound and outbound tourism in 140 Belt and Road Initiative countries from 1996 to 2020. Principal Component Analysis was utilized to generate inbound and outbound tourism indexes. For long-run estimation, fully modified ordinary least squares and dynamic common correlated effects were utilized. The findings revealed that air and railway transportation, including trade openness, positively affect inbound and outbound tourism in the long run. Granger causality test confirmed a bidirectional relationship exists between inbound tourism with air transportation, railway transportation, travel services, and trade openness. However, a unidirectional relationship exists between inbound tourism and transport services. Outbound tourism has a bidirectional linkage with air transportation, railway transportation, travel services, transport services, and trade. This paper recommends that the BRI countries need to take advantage of the trade route for tourism development and transportation services for easy accessibility.

Suggested Citation

  • Hussain, Muhammad Noshab, 2023. "Evaluating the impact of air transportation, railway transportation, and trade openness on inbound and outbound tourism in BRI countries," Journal of Air Transport Management, Elsevier, vol. 106(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jaitra:v:106:y:2023:i:c:s0969699722001260
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2022.102307
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    Cited by:

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Tourism; Air transportation; Railway transportation; Trade openness; Panel data;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • Z39 - Other Special Topics - - Tourism Economics - - - Other
    • L93 - Industrial Organization - - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities - - - Air Transportation
    • L91 - Industrial Organization - - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities - - - Transportation: General
    • F49 - International Economics - - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance - - - Other

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