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Potentials and economics of residential thermal loads providing regulation reserve

Author

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  • Hao, He
  • Sanandaji, Borhan M.
  • Poolla, Kameshwar
  • Vincent, Tyrone L.

Abstract

Residential Thermostatically Controlled Load (TCLs) such as Air Conditioners (ACs), heat pumps, water heaters, and refrigerators have an enormous thermal storage potential for providing regulation reserve to the grid. In this paper, we study the potential resource and economic analysis of TCLs providing frequency regulation service. In particular, we show that the potential resource of TCLs in California is more than enough for both current and predicted near-future regulation requirements for the California power system. Moreover, we estimate the cost and revenue of TCLs, discuss the qualification requirements, recommended policy changes, and participation incentive methods, and compare TCLs with other energy storage technologies. We show that TCLs are potentially more cost-effective than other energy storage technologies such as flywheels, Li-ion, advanced lead acid, and Zinc Bromide batteries.

Suggested Citation

  • Hao, He & Sanandaji, Borhan M. & Poolla, Kameshwar & Vincent, Tyrone L., 2015. "Potentials and economics of residential thermal loads providing regulation reserve," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 115-126.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:enepol:v:79:y:2015:i:c:p:115-126
    DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2015.01.013
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Wang, Y. & Wang, J. & He, W., 2022. "Development of efficient, flexible and affordable heat pumps for supporting heat and power decarbonisation in the UK and beyond: Review and perspectives," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
    2. Ribó-Pérez, David & Heleno, Miguel & Álvarez-Bel, Carlos, 2021. "The flexibility gap: Socioeconomic and geographical factors driving residential flexibility," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    3. Lopes, Marta A.R. & Henggeler Antunes, Carlos & Janda, Kathryn B. & Peixoto, Paulo & Martins, Nelson, 2016. "The potential of energy behaviours in a smart(er) grid: Policy implications from a Portuguese exploratory study," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 233-245.
    4. Wang, Huilong & Wang, Shengwei & Tang, Rui, 2019. "Development of grid-responsive buildings: Opportunities, challenges, capabilities and applications of HVAC systems in non-residential buildings in providing ancillary services by fast demand responses," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 250(C), pages 697-712.
    5. Alejandro Martín-Crespo & Sergio Saludes-Rodil & Enrique Baeyens, 2021. "Flexibility Management with Virtual Batteries of Thermostatically Controlled Loads: Real-Time Control System and Potential in Spain," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-18, March.
    6. Huang, Sen & Ye, Yunyang & Wu, Di & Zuo, Wangda, 2021. "An assessment of power flexibility from commercial building cooling systems in the United States," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 221(C).
    7. Kircher, Kevin J. & Zhang, K. Max, 2021. "Heat purchase agreements could lower barriers to heat pump adoption," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 286(C).
    8. Ehrlich, Lars G. & Klamka, Jonas & Wolf, André, 2015. "The potential of decentralized power-to-heat as a flexibility option for the german electricity system: A microeconomic perspective," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 417-428.
    9. Kohlhepp, Peter & Harb, Hassan & Wolisz, Henryk & Waczowicz, Simon & Müller, Dirk & Hagenmeyer, Veit, 2019. "Large-scale grid integration of residential thermal energy storages as demand-side flexibility resource: A review of international field studies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 527-547.
    10. Ribó-Pérez, D. & Carrión, A. & Rodríguez García, J. & Álvarez Bel, C., 2021. "Ex-post evaluation of Interruptible Load programs with a system optimisation perspective," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 303(C).
    11. Tang, Hong & Wang, Shengwei, 2022. "A model-based predictive dispatch strategy for unlocking and optimizing the building energy flexibilities of multiple resources in electricity markets of multiple services," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 305(C).

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