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Well-to-wheel analysis of greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption for electric vehicles: A comparative study in Oceania

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  • Sheng, Mingyue Selena
  • Sreenivasan, Ajith Viswanath
  • Sharp, Basil
  • Du, Bo

Abstract

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are regarded as a feasible solution to achieving decarbonisation in the transportation sector. However, EVs powered by fossil dominated energy sources may offer a discounted solution. This paper presents a comparative study of Australian and New Zealand’s vehicle markets on Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and energy consumption using well-to-wheel analysis. A vehicle uptake projection model is proposed to predict future uptake of EVs and associated emissions under three scenarios with different mix of EVs. Our empirical results suggest that, with the current electricity mix, in terms of energy consumption, Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) perform better than other types in New Zealand and Australia. Emission wise, BEVs emit 90% less GHG than the second-best option Plug-in EV in New Zealand, and 40% less than the second-best, Fuel Cell EVs (FCEVs), in Australia. In the long run, as more “green hydrogen” is produced, FCEVs will play a critical role in minimising emissions. Emissions in the two countries are predicted to reach their peak around 2030, provided that BEVs form the major portion of the EV mix with a higher penetration of renewables and more FCEVs enter the fleet. The empirical outcomes provide important policy insights to support decision making.

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  • Sheng, Mingyue Selena & Sreenivasan, Ajith Viswanath & Sharp, Basil & Du, Bo, 2021. "Well-to-wheel analysis of greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption for electric vehicles: A comparative study in Oceania," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:enepol:v:158:y:2021:i:c:s0301421521004225
    DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112552
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    2. Wen, Le & Sheng, Mingyue Selena & Sharp, Basil & Meng, Tongyu & Du, Bo & Yi, Ming & Suomalainen, Kiti & Gkritza, Konstantina, 2023. "Exploration of the nexus between solar potential and electric vehicle uptake: A case study of Auckland, New Zealand," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    3. Lane, Blake & Kinnon, Michael Mac & Shaffer, Brendan & Samuelsen, Scott, 2022. "Deployment planning tool for environmentally sensitive heavy-duty vehicles and fueling infrastructure," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C).
    4. Arezoo Ghazanfari & Armin Razmjoo, 2022. "The Effect of Market Isolation on Competitive Behavior in Retail Petrol Markets," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-33, July.
    5. José Alberto Fuinhas & Matheus Koengkan & Nuno Carlos Leitão & Chinazaekpere Nwani & Gizem Uzuner & Fatemeh Dehdar & Stefania Relva & Drielli Peyerl, 2021. "Effect of Battery Electric Vehicles on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 29 European Union Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-26, December.
    6. Broadbent, Gail Helen & Allen, Cameron Ian & Wiedmann, Thomas & Metternicht, Graciela Isabel, 2022. "Accelerating electric vehicle uptake: Modelling public policy options on prices and infrastructure," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 155-174.
    7. Say, Kelvin & Csereklyei, Zsuzsanna & Brown, Felix Gabriel & Wang, Changlong, 2023. "The economics of public transport electrification: A case study from Victoria, Australia," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).

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