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Labor migration, economic growth, and welfare inequality: A quantitative analysis of China

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  • Ma, Cao-Yuan
  • Ni, Xiu-Feng
  • Li, Ting-Rui

Abstract

This study examines how differing migration restrictions for labor with heterogeneous skills affect economic development and welfare inequality in China. Combining micro individual data with a general equilibrium model that includes skilled and unskilled workers, endogenous productivity, and housing supply, we quantify the differing migration costs for skilled and unskilled workers and its consequences. The findings reveal that unskilled workers’ interprovincial migration cost is much higher than that of skilled workers, resulting in a 1.286 % output loss and widening economic disparity by 3.996 %, causing the interprovincial income gap to expand by 5.929 % and expanding the income gap between skilled and unskilled workers by 0.059 %. Regarding skill heterogeneity, facilitating the smooth interprovincial migration of unskilled workers can produce more significant and positive output and welfare effects compared with skilled workers. Across China’s regions, rationalizing the proportion of skilled and unskilled workers and improving the complementarity between skilled and unskilled workers would help optimize the spatial allocation of workers and enhance the output and welfare effects of labor migration. Therefore, eliminating the exclusion of unskilled workers and guiding the rational and orderly migration of skilled and unskilled workers will promote output growth, narrow the economic gap, and improve workers’ welfare, narrowing the welfare gap and establishing a mutually beneficial outcome of efficiency and fairness.

Suggested Citation

  • Ma, Cao-Yuan & Ni, Xiu-Feng & Li, Ting-Rui, 2025. "Labor migration, economic growth, and welfare inequality: A quantitative analysis of China," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 49(3).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:ecosys:v:49:y:2025:i:3:s0939362525000032
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ecosys.2025.101291
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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • I38 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty - - - Government Programs; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
    • J24 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
    • J31 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs - - - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials
    • J61 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers - - - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers
    • J71 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Labor Discrimination - - - Hiring and Firing

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