IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v379y2025ics0306261924022773.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Stochastic planning for transition from shopping mall parking lots to electric vehicle charging stations

Author

Listed:
  • Yu, Gang
  • Ye, Xianming
  • Gong, Dunwei
  • Xia, Xiaohua

Abstract

Shopping mall parking lots are promising and popular sites across nations to be transitioned into charging stations due to the nature of land availability and attractiveness to people. Sufficient charging poles contribute to satisfactory user experience, but excessive charging poles jeopardise the financial feasibility. In this study, an optimal transition planning strategy is proposed that carefully balances the number of charging poles to maximise financial returns while ensuring user convenience. For this purpose, a charging demand model at shopping malls is obtained from historical parking records. A real-time parking bay allocation strategy is obtained according to the charging requests against the available charging poles with the consideration of the maximum demand tariff. To handle the inherent uncertainty of charging demand, we formulate the optimal transition planning problem into a stochastic programming framework. In the case study, we investigate the optimal transition plan for a shopping mall parking lot in the United Kingdom. The optimal results show the transition planning method increases the annual profit by 34% and user satisfaction by 37% compared to the baseline method. The insights for the transition plans that accommodate varying factors including EV penetration, types of charging poles, and charging prices are provided.

Suggested Citation

  • Yu, Gang & Ye, Xianming & Gong, Dunwei & Xia, Xiaohua, 2025. "Stochastic planning for transition from shopping mall parking lots to electric vehicle charging stations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 379(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:379:y:2025:i:c:s0306261924022773
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124894
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261924022773
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124894?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Lin, Haiyang & Fu, Kun & Wang, Yu & Sun, Qie & Li, Hailong & Hu, Yukun & Sun, Bo & Wennersten, Ronald, 2019. "Characteristics of electric vehicle charging demand at multiple types of location - Application of an agent-based trip chain model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    2. Sujin Kim & Raghu Pasupathy & Shane G. Henderson, 2015. "A Guide to Sample Average Approximation," International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, in: Michael C Fu (ed.), Handbook of Simulation Optimization, edition 127, chapter 0, pages 207-243, Springer.
    3. van Staden, Adam Jacobus & Zhang, Jiangfeng & Xia, Xiaohua, 2011. "A model predictive control strategy for load shifting in a water pumping scheme with maximum demand charges," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(12), pages 4785-4794.
    4. Powell, Siobhan & Vianna Cezar, Gustavo & Apostolaki-Iosifidou, Elpiniki & Rajagopal, Ram, 2022. "Large-scale scenarios of electric vehicle charging with a data-driven model of control," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C).
    5. Liu, Yuechen Sophia & Tayarani, Mohammad & Gao, H. Oliver, 2022. "An activity-based travel and charging behavior model for simulating battery electric vehicle charging demand," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).
    6. Cedillo, Mónica Hernández & Sun, Hongjian & Jiang, Jing & Cao, Yue, 2022. "Dynamic pricing and control for EV charging stations with solar generation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 326(C).
    7. Luo, Lizi & Gu, Wei & Zhou, Suyang & Huang, He & Gao, Song & Han, Jun & Wu, Zhi & Dou, Xiaobo, 2018. "Optimal planning of electric vehicle charging stations comprising multi-types of charging facilities," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 226(C), pages 1087-1099.
    8. Graber, Giuseppe & Calderaro, Vito & Mancarella, Pierluigi & Galdi, Vincenzo, 2020. "Two-stage stochastic sizing and packetized energy scheduling of BEV charging stations with quality of service constraints," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    9. Simolin, Toni & Rauma, Kalle & Viri, Riku & Mäkinen, Johanna & Rautiainen, Antti & Järventausta, Pertti, 2021. "Charging powers of the electric vehicle fleet: Evolution and implications at commercial charging sites," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 303(C).
    10. Zhou, Hou Sheng & Passey, Rob & Bruce, Anna & Sproul, Alistair B., 2021. "Aggregated impact of coordinated commercial-scale battery energy storage systems on network peak demand, and financial outcomes," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
    11. Xin Huang & Xueqin Long & Jianjun Wang & Lan He, 2020. "Research on parking sharing strategies considering user overtime parking," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(6), pages 1-22, June.
    12. Chang, Ching-Ter & Chung, Cheng-Kung & Sheu, Jiuh-Biing & Zhuang, Zheng-Yun & Chen, Huang-Mu, 2014. "The optimal dual-pricing policy of mall parking service," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 223-243.
    13. Poyrazoglu, Gokturk & Coban, Elvin, 2021. "A stochastic value estimation tool for electric vehicle charging points," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Soliman, Ismail A. & Tulsky, Vladimir & Abd el-Ghany, Hossam A. & ELGebaly, Ahmed E., 2025. "Holistic optimization of electric vehicle charging stations in radial power systems with V2G and DG integration considering fault repairing periods," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 385(C).
    2. Yu, Gang & Ye, Xianming & Xia, Xiaohua, 2025. "Optimal parking lot retrofit planning for electric vehicle charging station during prolonged load shedding," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 322(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Yu, Gang & Ye, Xianming & Xia, Xiaohua, 2025. "Optimal parking lot retrofit planning for electric vehicle charging station during prolonged load shedding," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 322(C).
    2. Lin, Haiyang & Bian, Caiyun & Wang, Yu & Li, Hailong & Sun, Qie & Wallin, Fredrik, 2022. "Optimal planning of intra-city public charging stations," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PC).
    3. Sridharan, S. & Sivakumar, S. & Shanmugasundaram, N. & Swapna, S. & Vasan Prabhu, V., 2023. "A hybrid approach based energy management for building resilience against power outage by shared parking station for EVs," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).
    4. Zhang, Fan & Lv, Huitao & Xing, Qiang & Ji, Yanjie, 2024. "Deployment of battery-swapping stations: Integrating travel chain simulation and multi-objective optimization for delivery electric micromobility vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).
    5. Zhang, Ce & Dong, Huijie & Xu, Yuanlu & Nick, Lucky, 2024. "Balancing Cost and Economic Efficiency: Consider the multi-purpose optimization of green energy market's function in Green energy interactive infrastructure," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 309(C).
    6. Lee, Sangyoon & Choi, Dae-Hyun, 2021. "Dynamic pricing and energy management for profit maximization in multiple smart electric vehicle charging stations: A privacy-preserving deep reinforcement learning approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 304(C).
    7. Li, Xiaohui & Wang, Zhenpo & Zhang, Lei & Sun, Fengchun & Cui, Dingsong & Hecht, Christopher & Figgener, Jan & Sauer, Dirk Uwe, 2023. "Electric vehicle behavior modeling and applications in vehicle-grid integration: An overview," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    8. Zhang, Lei & Huang, Zhijia & Wang, Zhenpo & Li, Xiaohui & Sun, Fengchun, 2024. "An urban charging load forecasting model based on trip chain model for private passenger electric vehicles: A case study in Beijing," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 299(C).
    9. Liu, Yuechen Sophia & Tayarani, Mohammad & You, Fengqi & Gao, H. Oliver, 2024. "Bayesian optimization for battery electric vehicle charging station placement by agent-based demand simulation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 375(C).
    10. Sereshti, Narges & Adulyasak, Yossiri & Jans, Raf, 2024. "Managing flexibility in stochastic multi-level lot sizing problem with service level constraints," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 122(C).
    11. Bayliss, Christopher & Currie, Christine S.M. & Bennell, Julia A. & Martinez-Sykora, Antonio, 2021. "Queue-constrained packing: A vehicle ferry case study," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 289(2), pages 727-741.
    12. Hao, Ran & Lu, Tianguang & Ai, Qian & Wang, Zhe & Wang, Xiaolong, 2020. "Distributed online learning and dynamic robust standby dispatch for networked microgrids," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 274(C).
    13. Duan, Ditao & Poursoleiman, Roza, 2021. "Modified teaching-learning-based optimization by orthogonal learning for optimal design of an electric vehicle charging station," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    14. Luo, Lizi & Wu, Zhi & Gu, Wei & Huang, He & Gao, Song & Han, Jun, 2020. "Coordinated allocation of distributed generation resources and electric vehicle charging stations in distribution systems with vehicle-to-grid interaction," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    15. Julia Vopava & Christian Koczwara & Anna Traupmann & Thomas Kienberger, 2019. "Investigating the Impact of E-Mobility on the Electrical Power Grid Using a Simplified Grid Modelling Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-23, December.
    16. Verónica Anadón Martínez & Andreas Sumper, 2023. "Planning and Operation Objectives of Public Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructures: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-41, July.
    17. Filipe, Jorge & Bessa, Ricardo J. & Reis, Marisa & Alves, Rita & Póvoa, Pedro, 2019. "Data-driven predictive energy optimization in a wastewater pumping station," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 252(C), pages 1-1.
    18. Qi Fan & Jiaqiao Hu, 2018. "Surrogate-Based Promising Area Search for Lipschitz Continuous Simulation Optimization," INFORMS Journal on Computing, INFORMS, vol. 30(4), pages 677-693, November.
    19. Zhou, Guangyou & Zhu, Zhiwei & Luo, Sumei, 2022. "Location optimization of electric vehicle charging stations: Based on cost model and genetic algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
    20. Li, Yanbin & Wang, Jiani & Wang, Weiye & Liu, Chang & Li, Yun, 2023. "Dynamic pricing based electric vehicle charging station location strategy using reinforcement learning," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 281(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:379:y:2025:i:c:s0306261924022773. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.