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Multi-objective optimization and evaluation of the building-integrated photovoltaic/thermal-energy pile ground source heat pump system

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  • Wang, Fang
  • You, Tian
  • Cui, Hongzhi

Abstract

Building integrated photovoltaic thermal (BIPV/T)-energy pile ground source heat pump (GSHP) system effectively maintains the soil thermal balance and improves the photovoltaic efficiency by recovering the waste solar heat from the BIPV/T collector to charge the ground. However, due to the strict carbon emission restriction and economic consideration for system application, multi-objective optimization should be implemented for the system design to further enhance its overall performance. Therefore, a complete optimization framework is proposed in this paper, which is based on the NSGA-II algorithm and functions by coupling TRNSYS and jEPlus+EA. Using the proposed optimization frame, a comprehensive optimization is conducted for the system, which optimizes five main design variables and adopts the total power consumption (TPC), life cycle climate performance (LCCP), and life cycle cost (LCC) to reflect the system's energetic, environmental, and economic performances. Seven optimization cases are included in the optimization project to identify design schemes that meet all possible proposed performance requirements for the system application. The optimized results show that the system optimization improves its performance greatly compared to the design condition, with a range of 38.03% ∼ 50.05% for the TPC, 24.52% ∼ 25.86% for LCCP, and 56.74% ∼ 61.66% for LCC. The energetic, environmental and economic performances of the system can be maximized by minimizing the TPC to 357.29 MWh in Case 1, LCCP to 596.15 tCO2 in Case 2, and LCC to 17.03 × 104 CNY in Case 3. By breaking down the objective functions, it is found that the heat pump unit holds paramount importance in all aspects of system performance, and the BIPV/T collector proves advantageous in enhancing the system's long-term performance due to its massive electricity generation. Accordingly, one important finding is that it is advisable to incorporate as many BIPV/T collectors as feasible while maintaining soil heat balance. The optimal energy pile number varies among the seven optimization cases, resulting in different heating capacities for the heat pump unit. Research outcomes in this work offer references for designing the energy-pile GSHP system to enhance the penetration of renewable energy into buildings.

Suggested Citation

  • Wang, Fang & You, Tian & Cui, Hongzhi, 2024. "Multi-objective optimization and evaluation of the building-integrated photovoltaic/thermal-energy pile ground source heat pump system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 371(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:371:y:2024:i:c:s0306261924010365
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.123653
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    2. Yue, Naihua & Li, Lingling & Xu, Congbao, 2025. "Multi-objective optimization of a hybrid PVT assisted ground source and air source heat pump system for large space buildings using transient metamodel," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 328(C).
    3. Li, Hongqiang & Zhou, Jie & Cao, Jingyu & Zhao, Misheng & Chen, Jun & Liu, Lifang & Cuce, Erdem & Liu, Wenjie, 2026. "Advances in photovoltaic/thermal assisted ground source heat pump: structural design, material selection, coupling integration, and control strategy optimization," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 229(C).
    4. Chen, Yingxue & Chi, Haoran & Ji, Zhixing & Li, Guang & Gou, Linfeng, 2025. "Optimal control and operation strategy for an integrated photovoltaic/thermal-pressure retarded osmosis-solid oxide fuel cell system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(C).
    5. Yang, Qian & Tian, Ming & Li, Li & Deng, Hongying, 2026. "Fuzzy chance-constrained multi-objective optimization of configuration and operation of building-photovoltaics-assisted distributed energy system under source-load uncertainties," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(PF).
    6. Mauro, Alfonso William & Passarelli, Adelso Flaviano & Pelella, Francesco & Viscito, Luca, 2025. "Life-cycle thermo-economic-environmental analysis of a PV-driven heat pump with and without refrigerant leakages," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 323(C).
    7. Liu, Yajiao & Lv, Yuzheng & Li, Tao & Dai, Xiaosen & Zhang, Yuxiao & Zhao, Yu & Liu, Li & Luo, Hao, 2026. "A novel coupled ground heat exchange system: Numerical investigation on heat and moisture transfer characteristics," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(PH).
    8. Ma, Qijie & Lu, Jianbo & Jia, Jiandong & Fan, Jianhua, 2026. "Model predictive control of energy pile-based space heating and cooling systems under future weather conditions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(PB).
    9. Yue, Han & Wei, Wenqi & Zhang, Yong & Cheng, Chao & Huang, Jiguang & Liu, Haowen & Zhang, Heng & Chen, Haiping, 2026. "Improving the long-term sustainability of photovoltaic thermal - ground source heat pump system by soil thermal balance regulation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 347(C).
    10. Li, Tao & Wang, Xing & Yu, Yingying & Fu, Qiang & Chen, Min & Xu, Chengliang & Gao, Jiajia & Li, Guannan & Mao, Qianjun, 2024. "Performance and PV benefits analysis of multi-source renewable energy systems for different types of buildings on university campus," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(PA).
    11. Ju, Hengjin & Li, Xiangli, 2025. "Multi-objective optimization of phase change material radiant floor coupled ground source heat pump under future climate scenarios," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 333(C).

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