IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v351y2023ics030626192301190x.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The electro-thermal equalization behaviors of battery modules with immersion cooling

Author

Listed:
  • Liu, Qian
  • Sun, Chen
  • Zhang, Jingshu
  • Shi, Qianlei
  • Li, Kaixuan
  • Yu, Boxu
  • Xu, Chao
  • Ju, Xing

Abstract

The electrical and thermal characteristics of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are closely related and need to be further investigated. Especially for the promising immersion cooling LIBs, the interaction between battery performance and immersion thermal management system still needs to be clearly illustrated. This research aims to reveal the electro-thermal equalization behaviors of LIB modules with immersion cooling. An electro-thermal test platform was established for a series-connected LIB module. Besides the experimental research on the thermal control capability, the electro-thermal equalization behaviors of the LIB module with different cooling methods are also investigated at steady and dynamic operations. Results show that the electrical inconsistency between the LIBs with different cooling schemes intensifies at the end of discharge, and the voltage deviation (δU,t) increases quickly at high rates. However, immersion cooling can mitigate this behavior effectively. As the immersion height ratio varies from 0 to 1, the δU,t at the end of the 2C discharge declines from 17.1% to 4.3%, then rises to 7.9%. From a general viewpoint, the indicators, including the equalization rates of the voltage, average temperature, and temperature difference, are defined further to assess the electro-thermal equalization behaviors of the module. According to the estimation, the equalization capacities are static flow > forced flow > air cooling for all indicators. Static flow immersion cooling demonstrates superiority in thermal and electrical equalization, while forced flow immersion cooling is still necessary at high discharge rates for reducing thermal recovery time and temperature rise.

Suggested Citation

  • Liu, Qian & Sun, Chen & Zhang, Jingshu & Shi, Qianlei & Li, Kaixuan & Yu, Boxu & Xu, Chao & Ju, Xing, 2023. "The electro-thermal equalization behaviors of battery modules with immersion cooling," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 351(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:351:y:2023:i:c:s030626192301190x
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121826
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030626192301190X
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121826?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Zhou, Zhizuan & Wang, Dong & Peng, Yang & Li, Maoyu & Wang, Boxuan & Cao, Bei & Yang, Lizhong, 2022. "Experimental study on the thermal management performance of phase change material module for the large format prismatic lithium-ion battery," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PC).
    2. Alkhulaifi, Yousif M. & Qasem, Naef A.A. & Zubair, Syed M., 2022. "Exergoeconomic assessment of the ejector-based battery thermal management system for electric and hybrid-electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 245(C).
    3. Kalkan, Orhan & Celen, Ali & Bakirci, Kadir, 2022. "Multi-objective optimization of a mini channeled cold plate for using thermal management of a Li-Ion battery," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 251(C).
    4. Sheng, Lei & Zhang, Hengyun & Su, Lin & Zhang, Zhendong & Zhang, Hua & Li, Kang & Fang, Yidong & Ye, Wen, 2021. "Effect analysis on thermal profile management of a cylindrical lithium-ion battery utilizing a cellular liquid cooling jacket," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C).
    5. Prahit Dubey & Gautam Pulugundla & A. K. Srouji, 2021. "Direct Comparison of Immersion and Cold-Plate Based Cooling for Automotive Li-Ion Battery Modules," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-19, February.
    6. Wang, Kangkang & Gao, Fei & Zhu, Yanli & Liu, Hao & Qi, Chuang & Yang, Kai & Jiao, Qingjie, 2018. "Internal resistance and heat generation of soft package Li4Ti5O12 battery during charge and discharge," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 364-374.
    7. Dai, Haifeng & Jiang, Bo & Hu, Xiaosong & Lin, Xianke & Wei, Xuezhe & Pecht, Michael, 2021. "Advanced battery management strategies for a sustainable energy future: Multilayer design concepts and research trends," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    8. Kanbur, Baris Burak & Wu, Chenlong & Fan, Simiao & Duan, Fei, 2021. "System-level experimental investigations of the direct immersion cooling data center units with thermodynamic and thermoeconomic assessments," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 217(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Shan, Shuai & Li, Li & Xu, Qiang & Ling, Lei & Xie, Yajun & Wang, Hongkang & Zheng, Keqing & Zhang, Lanchun & Bei, Shaoyi, 2023. "Numerical investigation of a compact and lightweight thermal management system with axially mounted cooling tubes for cylindrical lithium-ion battery module," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 274(C).
    2. Guo, Chao & Liu, Huan-ling & Guo, Qi & Shao, Xiao-dong & Zhu, Ming-liang, 2022. "Investigations on a novel cold plate achieved by topology optimization for lithium-ion batteries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(PA).
    3. Yang, Huizhu & Li, Mingxuan & Wang, Zehui & Ma, Binjian, 2023. "A compact and lightweight hybrid liquid cooling system coupling with Z-type cold plates and PCM composite for battery thermal management," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PE).
    4. Zha, Yunfei & Meng, Xianfeng & Qin, Shuaishuai & Hou, Nairen & He, Shunquan & Huang, Caiyuan & Zuo, Hongyan & Zhao, Xiaohuan, 2023. "Performance evaluation with orthogonal experiment method of drop contact heat dissipation effects on electric vehicle lithium-ion battery," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).
    5. Cheng, Kunlin & Xu, Jing & Dang, Chaolei & Qin, Jiang & Jing, Wuxing, 2022. "Performance evaluation of fuel indirect cooling based thermal management system using liquid metal for hydrocarbon-fueled scramjet," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    6. Huang, Chu & Zhu, Haixi & Ma, Yinjie & E, Jiaqiang, 2023. "Evaluation of lithium battery immersion thermal management using a novel pentaerythritol ester coolant," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 284(C).
    7. Liu, Jiahao & Fan, Yining & Wang, Jinhui & Tao, Changfa & Chen, Mingyi, 2022. "A model-scale experimental and theoretical study on a mineral oil-immersed battery cooling system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 201(P1), pages 712-723.
    8. Naseri, F. & Gil, S. & Barbu, C. & Cetkin, E. & Yarimca, G. & Jensen, A.C. & Larsen, P.G. & Gomes, C., 2023. "Digital twin of electric vehicle battery systems: Comprehensive review of the use cases, requirements, and platforms," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 179(C).
    9. Choon Kit Chan & Chi Hong Chung & Jeyagopi Raman, 2023. "Optimizing Thermal Management System in Electric Vehicle Battery Packs for Sustainable Transportation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-14, August.
    10. Roman Gozdur & Tomasz Przerywacz & Dariusz Bogdański, 2021. "Low Power Modular Battery Management System with a Wireless Communication Interface," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-20, October.
    11. Aneta Wysokińska-Senkus, 2021. "Determinants of Improving the Strategy of Sustainable Energy Management of Building Sustainable Value for Stakeholders—Experience of Organizations in Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-18, May.
    12. Borge-Diez, David & Icaza, Daniel & Açıkkalp, Emin & Amaris, Hortensia, 2021. "Combined vehicle to building (V2B) and vehicle to home (V2H) strategy to increase electric vehicle market share," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(C).
    13. Sungwoo Jo & Sunkyu Jung & Taemoon Roh, 2021. "Battery State-of-Health Estimation Using Machine Learning and Preprocessing with Relative State-of-Charge," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-16, November.
    14. Han, Gaoce & Yan, Jize & Guo, Zhen & Greenwood, David & Marco, James & Yu, Yifei, 2021. "A review on various optical fibre sensing methods for batteries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 150(C).
    15. Hong Shi & Mengmeng Cheng & Yi Feng & Chenghui Qiu & Caiyue Song & Nenglin Yuan & Chuanzhi Kang & Kaijie Yang & Jie Yuan & Yonghao Li, 2023. "Thermal Management Techniques for Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Phase Change Materials: A Systematic Review and Prospective Recommendations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-23, January.
    16. Ethelbert Ezemobi & Mario Silvagni & Ahmad Mozaffari & Andrea Tonoli & Amir Khajepour, 2022. "State of Health Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles under Dynamic Load Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-20, February.
    17. Hu, Lin & Tian, Qingtao & Zou, Changfu & Huang, Jing & Ye, Yao & Wu, Xianhui, 2022. "A study on energy distribution strategy of electric vehicle hybrid energy storage system considering driving style based on real urban driving data," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
    18. Li, Yuming & Wang, Tingyu & Li, Xinxi & Zhang, Guoqing & Chen, Kai & Yang, Wensheng, 2022. "Experimental investigation on thermal management system with flame retardant flexible phase change material for retired battery module," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 327(C).
    19. Wang, Anci & Yin, Xiang & Xin, Zhicheng & Cao, Feng & Wu, Zan & Sundén, Bengt & Xiao, Di, 2023. "Performance optimization of electric vehicle battery thermal management based on the transcritical CO2 system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 266(C).
    20. Zhu, Yuli & Jiang, Bo & Zhu, Jiangong & Wang, Xueyuan & Wang, Rong & Wei, Xuezhe & Dai, Haifeng, 2023. "Adaptive state of health estimation for lithium-ion batteries using impedance-based timescale information and ensemble learning," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 284(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:351:y:2023:i:c:s030626192301190x. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.