Smart charging and discharging of electric vehicles based on multi-objective robust optimization in smart cities

The combination of low-carbon electricity and electric vehicles brings considerable economic and environmental benefits but also introduces challenges due to the complexity and uncertainty of system synergies in smart cities. To fully exploit the advantages of photovoltaic power generation and electric vehicles and to release the potential of electric vehicles as distributed energy storage facilities, this paper develops a multi-objective robust optimization framework that accounts for the benefits of multiple parties of smart charging and discharging systems and depicts a bounded uncertainty set based on partial statistical information from real data. The original model is scalarized and linearized using efficient methods such as max-ordering scalarization and the robust augmented weighted Tchebycheff to facilitate the solution. Moreover, a smart charging and discharging scheduling strategy based on a convergent demand response strategy is proposed to achieve better demand-side management. A case study, based on real data from Car2go and the solar radiation intensity in Portland, Oregon, shows that (1) The methodological framework effectively addresses the smart scheduling issue that considers the interests of multiple parties in complex systems with uncertainty, in contrast to conventional methods. (2) The designed convergent demand response strategy promotes photovoltaic power generation and charging demand synergy and achieves regulation effects such as peak shaving and valley filling. (3) The proposed method and strategy yield good results in multiple aspects, such as charging costs, load regulation, and clean energy utilization, while enhancing the economic and environmental benefits.