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Challenges on primary frequency control and potential solution from EVs in the future GB electricity system

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  • Teng, Fei
  • Mu, Yunfei
  • Jia, Hongjie
  • Wu, Jianzhong
  • Zeng, Pingliang
  • Strbac, Goran

Abstract

System inertia reduction, driven by the integration of renewables, imposes significant challenges on the primary frequency control. Electrification of road transport not only reduces carbon emission by shifting from fossil fuel consumption to cleaner electricity consumption, but also potentially provide flexibility to facilitate the integration of renewables, such as supporting primary frequency control. In this context, this paper develops a techno-economic evaluation framework to quantify the challenges on primary frequency control and assess the benefits of EVs in providing primary frequency response. A simplified GB power system dynamic model is used to analyze the impact of declining system inertia on the primary frequency control and the technical potential of primary frequency response provision from EVs. Furthermore, an advanced stochastic system scheduling tool with explicitly modeling of inertia reduction effect is applied to assess the cost and emission driven by primary frequency control as well as the benefits of EVs in providing primary frequency response under two representative GB 2030 system scenarios. This paper also identifies the synergy between PFR provision from EVs and “smart charging” strategy as well as the impact of synthetic inertia from wind turbines.

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  • Teng, Fei & Mu, Yunfei & Jia, Hongjie & Wu, Jianzhong & Zeng, Pingliang & Strbac, Goran, 2017. "Challenges on primary frequency control and potential solution from EVs in the future GB electricity system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C), pages 353-362.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:194:y:2017:i:c:p:353-362
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.05.123
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    7. Hector Beltran & Sam Harrison & Agustí Egea-Àlvarez & Lie Xu, 2020. "Techno-Economic Assessment of Energy Storage Technologies for Inertia Response and Frequency Support from Wind Farms," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-21, July.
    8. Johnson, Samuel C. & Rhodes, Joshua D. & Webber, Michael E., 2020. "Understanding the impact of non-synchronous wind and solar generation on grid stability and identifying mitigation pathways," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    9. Evangelos Rikos & Chris Caerts & Mattia Cabiati & Mazheruddin Syed & Graeme Burt, 2017. "Adaptive Fuzzy Control for Power-Frequency Characteristic Regulation in High-RES Power Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-14, July.
    10. Fernández-Guillamón, Ana & Gómez-Lázaro, Emilio & Muljadi, Eduard & Molina-García, Ángel, 2019. "Power systems with high renewable energy sources: A review of inertia and frequency control strategies over time," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    11. Hirase, Yuko & Abe, Kensho & Sugimoto, Kazushige & Sakimoto, Kenichi & Bevrani, Hassan & Ise, Toshifumi, 2018. "A novel control approach for virtual synchronous generators to suppress frequency and voltage fluctuations in microgrids," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 699-710.
    12. Chassin, David P. & Behboodi, Sahand & Shi, Yang & Djilali, Ned, 2017. "H2-optimal transactive control of electric power regulation from fast-acting demand response in the presence of high renewables," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 304-315.
    13. Yang, Chao & Yao, Wei & Fang, Jiakun & Ai, Xiaomeng & Chen, Zhe & Wen, Jinyu & He, Haibo, 2019. "Dynamic event-triggered robust secondary frequency control for islanded AC microgrid," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 242(C), pages 821-836.
    14. Ashish Shrestha & Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt, 2021. "Frequency Stability Issues and Research Opportunities in Converter Dominated Power System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-28, July.
    15. Gomez-Gonzalez, M. & Hernandez, J.C. & Vera, D. & Jurado, F., 2020. "Optimal sizing and power schedule in PV household-prosumers for improving PV self-consumption and providing frequency containment reserve," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    16. Guo, Qingbo & Zhang, Chengming & Li, Liyi & Gerada, David & Zhang, Jiangpeng & Wang, Mingyi, 2017. "Design and implementation of a loss optimization control for electric vehicle in-wheel permanent-magnet synchronous motor direct drive system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 1317-1332.
    17. Malik, Anam & Ravishankar, Jayashri, 2018. "A hybrid control approach for regulating frequency through demand response," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 1347-1362.
    18. M Vijayaragavan & V Krishnakumar & V Vasan Prabhu, 2023. "Energy management approach in electric vehicle with optimizing electricity consumption cost using hybrid method," Energy & Environment, , vol. 34(3), pages 663-689, May.
    19. VJ Vijayalakshmi & A Amudha & K Dhayalini & A Prakash, 2024. "A hybrid WFS-CGO based approach for optimal allocation of EV charging spots along with capacitors in smart distribution network for congestion management," Energy & Environment, , vol. 35(4), pages 1673-1702, June.
    20. Lopez, A. & Ogayar, B. & Hernández, J.C. & Sutil, F.S., 2020. "Survey and assessment of technical and economic features for the provision of frequency control services by household-prosumers," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C).
    21. Melo, S.P. & Brand, U. & Vogt, T. & Telle, J.S. & Schuldt, F. & Maydell, K.v., 2019. "Primary frequency control provided by hybrid battery storage and power-to-heat system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 233, pages 220-231.

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