IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/kyklos/v57y2004i2p149-171.html

Taxation of the Global Arms Trade? An Overview of the Issues

Author

Listed:
  • Michael Brzoska

Abstract

A number of proposals for a tax on the international trade with weapons have been made during the last 25 years, most recently prior to the G‐8 summit in Lyon, France, in June 2003. Originally, the major objectives were both to reduce the level of trade in arms and raise money for purposes such as development and disarmament. Later proposals included the compensation of victims of the use of specific types of weapons. Various objections have been raised against the suggestions for an international arms trade tax. Major points include the difficulties of achieving sufficient levels of compliance, tax evasion through increases in domestic production and a stimulation of the illicit trade in arms. There are also fundamental objections against demeritorizing arms transfers only, and not also domestic production of arms. In order for an international arms trade tax to work, the level of transparency in the international arms trade would need to increase. A major part of the tax burden would be borne by buyers of arms, who are predominantly developing countries. However, these are currently also major beneficiaries of large‐scale subsidies on arms exports. An international arms trade tax will lead, using available estimates of price elasticities, to an increase in expenditures on arms import. Transfers from a fund fed by an arms trade tax should be spent in those countries which substantially reduce their spending on arms imports. In general, an arms trade tax makes more sense as a measure for disarmament than as a measure for development. Mehrfach ist in den letzten 25 Jahren vorgeschlagen worden, den internationalen Waffenhandel zu besteuern, zuletzt während des G‐8 Gipfeltreffens in Lyon, Frankreich, im Juni 2003. Ursprüngliche Hauptziele waren sowohl die Einschränkung des internationalen Handels mit Waffen als auch die Erzielung neuer Einnahmen zur Förderung von Entwicklung und Abrüstung. Spätere Vorschläge betrafen die Kompensation von Opfern verschiedener Waffentypen. Gegen die Vorschläge einer Abgabe auf Waffentransfers sind verschiedene Einwände vorgebracht worden. Wesentliche Argumente sind die Schwierigkeiten der Befolgung, Steuervermeidung durch erhöhte Eigenproduktion und die Verdrängung des Waffenhandels in die Illegalität. Es gibt auch grundsätzliche Bedenken gegen eine Besteuerung nur des Waffenhandels und nicht der Produktion. Eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für eine internationale Waffenhandelssteuer ist die Erhöhung der Transparenz im internationalen Waffenhandel. Ein Grossteil der Steuerlast würde von den Käufern getragen, die überwiegend Staaten der Dritten Welt sind. Diese sind aber zur Zeit auch Nutzniesser von Subventionen des Waffenexportes. Eine Waffenhandelssteuer würde, unter realistischen Annahmen über die Preiselastizitäten, zu einem Anstieg der Ausgaben für Rüstungsimporte führen. Mittel aus einem Fonds, der durch eine Waffenhandelssteuer gespeist wird, sollten in Länder fliessen, die ihre Rüstungsimporte substantiell verringern. Zusammengefasst macht eine solche Steuer auf Waffentransfers mehr Sinn als Abrüstungsmassnahme denn als Quelle von Entwicklungsfinanzierung. A plusieurs reprises pendant les 25 dernières années, et dernièrement au sommet des G 8 à Lyon, on a proposé de taxer les ventes internationales d'armes. A l'origine, les objectifs étaient autant la limitation des ventes internationales d'armes que l'accès à de nouvelles sources de revenus pour favoriser le développement et le désarmement. Des propositions ultérieures concernaient la compensation des victimes des différents types d'armes. Plusieurs objections ont été faites contre ces propositions pour la taxation des ventes d'armes. Les arguments essentiels sont la difficulté du contrôle de l'exécution d'une telle mesure, l'incitation à une production d'armes endogène pour éviter la taxation et l'encouragement à la production clandestine d'armes illégales. Il y a aussi des réserves fondamentales contre une taxation des ventes d'armes qui ne prendrait pas en compte leur production. Une des conditions primordiales pour une taxe sur les transferts d'armement est une transparence accrue des ventes d'armes. La plus grande partie des charges incombera aux acheteurs qui sont, principalement, des pays du tiers monde. Et pour le moment, ceux‐ci profitent aussi des subventions accordées aux exportations d'armes. Une taxation des ventes d'armes pourrait mener à une augmentation des dépenses pour l'importation d'armes. Les moyens financiers d'un fonds nourri par la taxation des ventes d'armes devraient être utilisés par des pays qui réduisent leurs importations d'armes de manière substantielle. En résumé, une telle taxation des transferts d'armement a plus de sens en tant que mesure pour le désarmement que pour le financement du développement.

Suggested Citation

  • Michael Brzoska, 2004. "Taxation of the Global Arms Trade? An Overview of the Issues," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 57(2), pages 149-171, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:kyklos:v:57:y:2004:i:2:p:149-171
    DOI: 10.1111/j.0023-5962.2004.00248.x
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0023-5962.2004.00248.x
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1111/j.0023-5962.2004.00248.x?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Keith Hartley & Todd Sandler (ed.), 1995. "Handbook of Defense Economics," Handbook of Defense Economics, Elsevier, edition 1, volume 1, number 1.
    2. Sandler,Todd & Hartley,Keith, 1995. "The Economics of Defense," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521447287.
    3. Devarajan, Shantayanan & Swaroop, vinaya, 1998. "The implications of foreign aid fungibility for development assistance," Policy Research Working Paper Series 2022, The World Bank.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Edward B. Barbier, 2012. "Économie verte et développement durable : enjeux de politique économique," Reflets et perspectives de la vie économique, De Boeck Université, vol. 0(4), pages 97-117.
    2. Richard M. Bird, 2018. "Are global taxes feasible?," International Tax and Public Finance, Springer;International Institute of Public Finance, vol. 25(5), pages 1372-1400, October.
    3. Edward Barbier, 2011. "The policy challenges for green economy and sustainable economic development," Natural Resources Forum, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 35(3), pages 233-245, August.
    4. Jennifer C. Olmsted & Caitlin Killian, 2023. "Postconflict Sexual and Reproductive Health and Justice, Gendered Well-being, and Long-term Development," Review of Radical Political Economics, Union for Radical Political Economics, vol. 55(1), pages 147-165, March.
    5. Richard M. Bird, 2014. "Global Taxes and International Taxation: Mirage and Reality," International Center for Public Policy Working Paper Series, at AYSPS, GSU paper1429, International Center for Public Policy, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Uk Heo, 1998. "Modeling the Defense-Growth Relationship around the Globe," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 42(5), pages 637-657, October.
    2. Llussá, Fernanda & Tavares, José, 2011. "Which terror at which cost? On the economic consequences of terrorist attacks," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 110(1), pages 52-55, January.
    3. Goel, Rajeev K. & Saunoris, James W., 2014. "Military versus non-military government spending and the shadow economy," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 38(3), pages 350-359.
    4. Kyung Hwan Baik & Subhasish M. Chowdhury & Abhijit Ramalingam, 2020. "The effects of conflict budget on the intensity of conflict: an experimental investigation," Experimental Economics, Springer;Economic Science Association, vol. 23(1), pages 240-258, March.
    5. Bayer, Péter & Kozics, György & Szőke, Nóra Gabriella, 2023. "Best-response dynamics in directed network games," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 213(C).
    6. Martin Ottmann, 2020. "Peace for our time? Examining the effect of power-sharing on postwar rebellions," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 57(5), pages 617-631, September.
    7. Luís A. Gil-Alana & Carlos P. Barros, 2010. "A Note on the Effectiveness of National Anti-Terrorist Policies: Evidence from ETA," Conflict Management and Peace Science, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 27(1), pages 28-46, February.
    8. Jia, Hao & Skaperdas, Stergios & Vaidya, Samarth, 2013. "Contest functions: Theoretical foundations and issues in estimation," International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 31(3), pages 211-222.
    9. Heng-fu Zou, 2025. "The Rise of a Superpower: Endogenous Asymmetry in a Symmetric Mean Field Game of Militarization and Capital Accumulation," CEMA Working Papers 762, China Economics and Management Academy, Central University of Finance and Economics.
    10. Garfinkel, Michelle R. & Skaperdas, Stergios (ed.), 2012. "The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Peace and Conflict," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780195392777.
    11. Hall Abigail R., 2015. "Drones: Public Interest, Public Choice, and the Expansion of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles," Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 21(2), pages 273-300, April.
    12. Hwang, Sung-Ha, 2012. "Technology of military conflict, military spending, and war," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 96(1), pages 226-236.
    13. Yutao Han & Zhen Song, 2022. "On regional integration, fiscal income, and GDP per capita," Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Scottish Economic Society, vol. 69(5), pages 506-532, November.
    14. d'Agostino, G. & Dunne, J.P. & Pieroni, L., 2016. "Corruption and growth in Africa," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 71-88.
    15. Clémence Vergne & Camille Laville, 2018. "Comment analyser le risque sociopolitique ? Une composante clé du risque-pays," Post-Print hal-02358975, HAL.
    16. Joaquim José Martins Guilhoto & Paulo César Morceiro & Milene Simone, 2016. "Productive Complex of Defense and Security in Brazil: Dimension, Sectoral and Technological Impacts," TD NEREUS 8-2016, Núcleo de Economia Regional e Urbana da Universidade de São Paulo (NEREUS).
    17. Carbonara, Emanuela & Pasotti, Piero, 2010. "Social dynamics and minority protection," International Review of Law and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 30(4), pages 317-328, December.
    18. Mauricio González-Forero & Timm Faulwasser & Laurent Lehmann, 2017. "A model for brain life history evolution," PLOS Computational Biology, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(3), pages 1-28, March.
    19. Rabah Arezki & Markus Brueckner, 2021. "Working Paper 351 - Between a Rock and a Hard Place: A New Perspective on the Resource Curse," Working Paper Series 2477, African Development Bank.
    20. Martin McGuire, 2000. "Concepts of defense economics for the 21st century," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 11(1), pages 17-30.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:bla:kyklos:v:57:y:2004:i:2:p:149-171. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0023-5962 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.