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Ghettos of the mind: the empirical behaviour of indices of segregation and diversity

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  • Ludi Simpson

Abstract

Summary. The effect of immigration on social cohesion is a political issue, expressed as a fear that racially skewed residential patterns represent ghettos which prevent integration. Residential patterns have been measured by indices of segregation. The range of indices is reviewed in the paper and measured empirically for England and Wales by using census data for 1991 and 2001, including a new index of migration dispersal. There has been an increase in residential mixing as a result of growing minority populations and their more even spread across localities. These two trends are identified by two commonly used indices of segregation which are moving in opposite directions for the most recent immigrant groups. The sensitivity of each index to modifiable area boundaries makes them unsuitable for evaluation of cities’ relative performance. The residential patterns of cities after immigration are more clearly understood by using demographic measures of migration and age structure.

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  • Ludi Simpson, 2007. "Ghettos of the mind: the empirical behaviour of indices of segregation and diversity," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 170(2), pages 405-424, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:jorssa:v:170:y:2007:i:2:p:405-424
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-985X.2007.00465.x
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    1. Ludi Simpson, 2004. "Statistics of Racial Segregation: Measures, Evidence and Policy," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 41(3), pages 661-681, March.
    2. Ron Johnston & James Forrest & Michael Poulsen, 2002. "Are there Ethnic Enclaves/Ghettos in English Cities?," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 39(4), pages 591-618, April.
    3. Danny Dorling & Phil Rees, 2003. "A Nation Still Dividing: The British Census and Social Polarisation 1971–2001," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 35(7), pages 1287-1313, July.
    4. Douglas Massey & Nancy Denton, 1989. "Hypersegregation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas: Black and Hispanic Segregation Along Five Dimensions," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 26(3), pages 373-391, August.
    5. Joos Droogleever Fortuijn & Sako Musterd & Wim Ostendorf, 1998. "International Migration and Ethnic Segregation: Impacts on Urban Areas-Introduction," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 35(3), pages 367-370, March.
    6. Katleen Peleman, 2002. "The Impact of Residential Segregation on Participation in Associations: The Case of Moroccan Women in Belgium," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 39(4), pages 727-747, April.
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    3. Stefan Jestl & Mathias Moser & Anna Katharina Raggl, 2021. "Cannot keep up with the Joneses: how relative deprivation pushes internal migration in Austria," International Journal of Social Economics, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 49(2), pages 210-231, November.
    4. Szymon Marcińczak & Michael Gentile & Samuel Rufat & Liviu Chelcea, 2014. "Urban Geographies of Hesitant Transition: Tracing Socioeconomic Segregation in Post-Ceauşescu Bucharest," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(4), pages 1399-1417, July.
    5. Gemma Catney, 2016. "Exploring a decade of small area ethnic (de-)segregation in England and Wales," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 53(8), pages 1691-1709, June.
    6. Eric Kaufmann, 2023. "White flight from immigration?: Attitudes to diversity and white residential choice," Social Science Quarterly, Southwestern Social Science Association, vol. 104(4), pages 761-775, July.
    7. Jean-Louis Pan Ké Shon & Gregory Verdugo, 2015. "Forty years of immigrant segregation in France, 1968–2007. How different is the new immigration?," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 52(5), pages 823-840, April.
    8. Laia Bécares & Mai Stafford & James Laurence & James Nazroo, 2011. "Composition, Concentration and Deprivation," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 48(13), pages 2771-2787, October.
    9. M. Meli̇h Pinarcioğlu & Oğuz Işik, 2009. "Segregation In Istanbul: Patterns And Processes," Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, Royal Dutch Geographical Society KNAG, vol. 100(4), pages 469-484, September.
    10. I. H. Burnley, 2016. "Developments and Complementarities in International Migration Paradigms," Journal of International Migration and Integration, Springer, vol. 17(1), pages 77-94, February.
    11. Albert Sabater & Gemma Catney, 2019. "Unpacking Summary Measures of Ethnic Residential Segregation Using an Age Group and Age Cohort Perspective," European Journal of Population, Springer;European Association for Population Studies, vol. 35(1), pages 161-189, February.
    12. Pan Ké Shon, Jean-Louis & Verdugo, Gregory, 2014. "Forty Years of Immigrant Segregation in France, 1968-2007: How Different Is the New Immigration?," IZA Discussion Papers 8062, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    13. Bo Malmberg & Eva K. Andersson & Michael M. Nielsen & Karen Haandrikman, 2018. "Residential Segregation of European and Non-European Migrants in Sweden: 1990–2012," European Journal of Population, Springer;European Association for Population Studies, vol. 34(2), pages 169-193, May.
    14. Mary-Anne Holfve-Sabel, 2015. "Students’ Individual Choices of Peers to Work with During Lessons May Counteract Segregation," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 122(2), pages 577-594, June.
    15. Jørn Ljunggren & Patrick Lie Andersen, 2015. "Vertical and Horizontal Segregation: Spatial Class Divisions in Oslo, 1970–2003," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 39(2), pages 305-322, March.
    16. Ludi Simpson & Charles Husband & Yunis Alam, 2009. "Comment: Recognising Complexity, Challenging Pessimism: The Case of Bradford's Urban Dynamics," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 46(9), pages 1995-2001, August.

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